The Role of Biomarkers and Genetics in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Mary M. McDermott, MD* and
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM
Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Figure 1 Inflammation and the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis
The mediating role of inflammatory cells in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.
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Figure 2 Adjusted Associations of Biomarker Levels With Calf Skeletal Muscle Area Among Men and Women With Peripheral Arterial Disease
n = 423. Mean calf muscle area is shown across quartiles of each biomarker represented. Standard error bars are depicted for each biomarker quartile. CRP = C-reactive protein; IL = interleukin; sICAM = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule; sVCAM = soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule. Reprinted, with permission, from McDermott et al. (34).
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Figure 3 Adjusted Associations of Circulating Biomarker Levels With 6-Min Walk Performance Among Men and Women With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Mean 6-min walk distance is shown across quartiles of each biomarker level. Standard error bars are depicted for each biomarker quartile. Abbreviations as in Figure 2. Reprinted, with permission, from McDermott et al. (35).
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Figure 4 Cumulative Survival Among 515 Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease According to Statin Therapy
Survival curves are shown for 515 patients with peripheral arterial disease according to use of statins at baseline. The dotted line represents peripheral arterial disease patients on statins. The solid line represents peripheral arterial disease patients who are not on statins. Reprinted, with permission, from Schillinger et al. (45).
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Figure 5 Cumulative Survival of 515 Patients With and Without Statin Pre-Treatment According to the Baseline Level of Inflammatory Activity
Survival curves are shown for 515 patients with peripheral arterial disease according to use of statins and C-reactive protein (CRP) level at baseline. The dotted lines represent peripheral arterial disease patients on statins. The solid lines represent peripheral arterial disease patients who are not on statins. Reprinted, with permission, from Schillinger et al. (45).
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Figure 6 Near- Versus Later-Term Associations of Biomarker Levels With All-Cause Mortality in People With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Analyses represent time-dependent analyses and adjust for age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, smoking, ankle brachial index, number of other cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Length of time from date of blood draw and outcome assessment is defined as follows: within 1 year: all-cause mortality assessed within 1 year after blood marker measurement; 1 to 2 years: all-cause mortality assessed between 1 and 2 years after blood marker measurement; 2 to 3 years: all-cause mortality assessed between 2 and 3 years after blood marker measurement. X-axis label: interval of time between blood marker measurement and total mortality; Y-axis label: hazard ratio represents risk per a 50% higher blood marker level. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals. Reprinted, with permission, from Vidula et al. (43).
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Figure 7 Near- Versus Later-Term Associations of Biomarker Levels With Cardiovascular Mortality in People With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Analyses represent time-dependent analyses and adjust for age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus, ankle brachial index, and number of other cardiovascular diseases. Length of time from date of blood draw and outcome assessment is defined as follows: within 1 year: cardiovascular mortality within 1 year after blood marker measurement; 1 to 2 years: cardiovascular mortality between 1 and 2 years after blood marker measurement; 2 to 3 years: cardiovascular mortality between 2 and 3 years after blood marker measurement. X-axis label: interval of time between blood marker measurement and total mortality; Y-axis label: hazard ratio represents risk per a 50% higher blood marker level. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals. Reprinted, with permission, from Vidula et al. (43).
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