In Vivo Aortic Valve Thermal Heterogeneity in Patients With Nonrheumatic Aortic Valve StenosisThe First In Vivo Experience in Humans
Konstantinos Toutouzas, MD*,*,
Maria Drakopoulou, MD*,
Andreas Synetos, MD*,
Eleftherios Tsiamis, MD*,
George Agrogiannis, MD ,
Nikolaos Kavantzas, MD,
Eustratios Patsouris, MD,
Dimitris Iliopoulos, MD ,
Stergios Theodoropoulos, MD ,
Magdi Yacoub, MD,|| and
Christodoulos Stefanadis, MD*
* First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
Department of Pathology, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
Department of Cardiosurgery, Iatriko Kentro, Marousi, Athens, Greece
Department of Cardiosurgery, Iasso General Hospital, Athens, Greece
|| Imperial College Heart Science Center, Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Figure 1 Representative Photomicrographs of HE Staining in Examined Specimens of Aortic Valves
(A) Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining in aortic valve stenosis showing intense inflammation (x200). (B) The HE staining in aortic valve insufficiency showing normal valvular stroma with sparse cellularity (x200).
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Figure 2 Representative Photomicrograph of CD3-Positive Leukocytes in Examined Specimens of Aortic Valves
Intense expression of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)–positive leukocytes in aortic valve stenosis.
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Figure 4 Representative Photomicrographs of IL-6 Staining in Examined Specimens of Aortic Valves
(A) Interleukin (IL)-6 staining in aortic valve stenosis. Arrows indicate IL-6 immunopositive inflammatory cells in the valve stroma (x400). (B). The IL-6 staining in aortic insufficiency showing negative staining for IL-6 (x400).
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Figure 5 DT in Leaflets With Intense Versus Low Expression of Inflammatory Indexes
Mean temperature difference (DT) in leaflets with intense versus leaflets with low expression of CD3 (A), TNF- (B), IL-6 (C), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (D). The bottom of the boxes represents the first quartile; the top of the boxes represents the third quartile, and the line in the box represents the median value. Abbreviations as in Figures 2, 3, and 4.
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Figure 6 Representative Photomicrographs of VEGF Staining in Examined Specimens of Aortic Valves
(A) Marked vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity in neovessels in severe aortic stenosis (x400). (B) Aortic valve insufficiency showing no VEGF immunoreactivity (x400).
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