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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 52:501-511, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.044
© 2008 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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Anemia and Chronic Heart Failure

Implications and Treatment Options

Inder S. Anand, MD, FACC, FRCP, DPhil (Oxon)*

VA Medical Center and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1 Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Genesis of Anemia in Heart Failure

Shown is a diagram of the possible mechanisms of anemia in patients with heart failure. ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AcSDKP = N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; DMT1 = divalent metal transporter 1; EPO = epoetin; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure; NF-{kappa}B = nuclear factor-kappa B; RBC = red blood cell mass. Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.

 

Figure 2
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  		Figure 2 Possible Sequence of Events Involved in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure in Chronic Severe Anemia

AVP = arginine vasopressin; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; LV = left ventricle; RAA = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Data from Anand et al. (49). Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.

 
 
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