Relation of Beta-Blocker–Induced Heart Rate Lowering and Cardioprotection in Hypertension
Sripal Bangalore, MD, MHA,
Sabrina Sawhney, MD and
Franz H. Messerli, MD*
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Figure 2 Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality as Function of Heart Rate
Relative risk of cardiovascular mortality as a function of heart rate achieved at the end of the study in the beta-blocker group. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. ASCOT = Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial; bpm = beats/min; CV = cardiovascular; ELSA = European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis; HAPPHY = Heart Attack Primary Prevention in Hypertension; INVEST = International Verapamil SR and Trandolapril study; IPPSH = International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension; LIFE = Losartan Intervention for End point Reduction trial.
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Figure 3 Risk of Nonfatal MI as Function of Heart Rate
Relative risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) as a function of heart rate achieved at the end of the study in the beta-blocker group. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. VACS = Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents; other abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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Figure 4 Risk of Nonfatal MI as Function of Heart Rate Difference Between Treatments
Relative risk of nonfatal MI as a function of heart rate difference between treatment modalities. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. STOP = Swedish Trial in Old Patients With Hypertension; other abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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Figure 5 Risk of HF as Function of Heart Rate
Relative risk of heart failure (HF) as a function of heart rate achieved at the end of the study in the beta-blocker group. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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Figure 6 Risk of Stroke as Function of Heart Rate
Relative risk of stroke as a function of heart rate achieved at the end of the study in the beta-blocker group. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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Figure 7 Risk of All-Cause Mortality as Function of Heart Rate
Relative risk of all-cause mortality as a function of heart rate achieved at the end of the study in the beta-blocker group. The diameter of the circles represents the weight of each individual trial. The line represents the regression fit with 95% confidence interval for the effect sizes. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.
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