Patients with normal glucose tolerance who had a post-prandial glucose level of <87 mg/dl had coronary regression. The remaining patients had coronary progression in proportion to the increase in post-prandial glucose. Data from Mellen et al. (10).

Linear correlation between post-prandial glucose excursions and urinary excretion of 8-iso prostaglandin F₂ (PGF₂), a measure of oxidant stress. Reprinted with permission (17).

The immediate deleterious effects of a beverage containing 75 g glucose mixed with 700 kcal/m² of whipping cream. Within 2 to 4 h glucose and triglyceride levels double, causing immediate oxidant stress (nitrotyrosine), inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]), resulting in deterioration in endothelial function. FMD % = percent flow-mediated dilation. Data from Ceriello et al. (41).

The post-prandial increase in the area under the curve for glucose was reduced by 58% when 90 g of almonds were added to a high glycemic index meal (p = 0.009). Data from Josse et al. (28).

The addition of 2 tablespoons of vinegar to 2 slices of white bread significantly reduced the post-prandial glucose increase. Data from Östman et al. (32).

Increases in blood glucose after either a glucose drink or the same glucose drink mixed with whey protein. Whey protein reduced the area under the curve for blood glucose by 56% (p < 0.05). Data from Nilsson et al. (33).

In this group of healthy individuals, 20 g alcohol (approximately 1.5 drinks) in various beverages reduced postmeal glucose by up to 38%. Data from Brand-Miller et al. (37).

Cumulative daily light-intensity physical activity was inversely associated with post-prandial glucose levels. Data from Healy et al. (39).