Pre-Operative Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction Before Surgery
Don Poldermans, MD, PhD*,
Sanne E. Hoeks, MSc and
Harm H. Feringa, MD
Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Figure 2 Recommendations for Noninvasive Stress Testing According to the ACC/AHA Guidelines (2007)
Green bars indicate no recommendation of noninvasive stress testing and that patients can go directly to surgery; orange bars indicate patients for whom testing may be considered if it will change management (class IIb); and the red bar indicates a class IIa recommendation for noninvasive stress testing. ACC/AHA = American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Data from Fleisher et al. (18).
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Figure 3 Prophylactic Coronary Revascularization
Results of the CARP (Coronary Artery Revascularization Prophylaxis) study: long-term survival among patients assigned to undergo coronary artery revascularization or no revascularization. Reprinted with permission from McFalls et al. (31).
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Figure 4 Perioperative Beta-Blocker Therapy
Comparison of patients treated with perioperative beta-blocker therapy versus no drug or placebo.
CI = confidence interval; MI = myocardial infarction; OR = odds ratio; Rx = treatment. Reprinted, with permission, from Schouten et al. (44).
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Figure 5 Heart Rate Control
Mean heart rate in relation to myocardial ischemia assessed by continuous electrocardiography and troponin T release. Data from Feringa et al. (61). ECG = electrocardiogram.
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