Elevated Levels of Inflammation, D-Dimer, and Homocysteine Are Associated With Adverse Calf Muscle Characteristics and Reduced Calf Strength in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Mary M. McDermott, MD*, ,*,
Luigi Ferrucci, MD, PhD ,
Jack M. Guralnik, MD, PhD ,
Lu Tian, ScD,
David Green, MD, PhD*,
Kiang Liu, PhD,
Jin Tan, MS,
Yihua Liao, MS,
William H. Pearce, MD||,
Joseph R. Schneider, MD, PhD||,¶,
Paul Ridker, MD#,
Nader Rifai, PhD#,
Frederick Hoff, MD** and
Michael H. Criqui, MD, MPH
* Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
|| Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
¶ Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Evanston/Northwestern Hospital, Evanston, Illinois
# Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
** Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California.
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Figure 1 Associations Between Blood Marker Quartiles and Calf Muscle Area in Participants With PAD
Data are adjusted for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, ankle-brachial index, leg symptoms, recruitment cohort, comorbidities, statin use (C-reactive protein [CRP] only), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and tibia length (n = 423). Red bars = first quartile; yellow bars = second quartile; green bars = third quartile; blue bars = fourth quartile. IL = interleukin; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; sICAM-1 = soluble intracellular adhesion molecule; sVCAM-1 = soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule.
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Figure 2 Associations Between Blood Markers and Calf Muscle Percent Fat in Participants With PAD
Data are adjusted for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, leg symptoms, ankle-brachial index, recruitment cohort, comorbidities, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and statin use (C-reactive protein only) (n = 423). Red bars = first quartile; yellow bars = second quartile; green bars = third quartile; blue bars = fourth quartile. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.
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Figure 3 Associations Between Blood Markers and Calf Muscle Density in Participants With PAD
Data are adjusted for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, leg symptoms, ankle-brachial index, recruitment cohort, comorbidities, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and statin use (C-reactive protein only) (n = 423). Red bars = first quartile; yellow bars = second quartile; green bars = third quartile; blue bars = fourth quartile. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.
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Figure 4 Associations Between Blood Markers and Plantarflexion Strength in Participants With PAD
Data are adjusted for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, body mass index, leg symptoms, ankle-brachial index, recruitment cohort, comorbidities, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and statin use (C-reactive protein only) (n = 403). Red bars = first quartile; yellow bars = second quartile; green bars = third quartile; blue bars = fourth quartile. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.
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