Learning Curves and Reliability Measures for Virtual Reality Simulation in the Performance Assessment of Carotid Angiography
Amar D. Patel, MD,
Anthony G. Gallagher, PhD,
William J. Nicholson, MD and
Christopher U. Cates, MD, FACC, FSCAI*
Emory Angiographic Simulation Training (EAST) Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Figure 1 The Procedicus Vascular Interventional System Trainer virtual reality simulator (Mentice AB, Gothenburg, Sweden).
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Figure 2 Mean duration of time (procedure and fluoroscopy time; min) and mean volume of contrast (ml) used on the five separate trials.
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Figure 3 Mean number of the different types of catheter-related errors made by the subjects on the five separate testing trials.
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Figure 4 The standard deviation (SD) of scores that reflects the consistency in performance for the different types of catheter-related errors made by the subjects on the five separate testing trials.
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