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Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Cardiovascular System

Lessons Learned and Unanswered Questions

Pamela Ouyang, MB, BS, FACC^_*,a,_*, Erin D. Michos, MD^_* and Richard H. Karas, MD, PhD, FACC^,b

^_* Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Molecular Cardiology Research Center and the Division of Cardiology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

View larger version (68K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Estrogen: beneficial and thrombogenic effects. CAM = cell adhesion molecule; Cox-2 = cyclooxygenase 2; ER = estrogen receptor; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell. Reprinted, with permission, from Mendelsohn and Karas (7).