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Gender-Related Differences in Rhythm Control Treatment in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Data of the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) Study

Michiel Rienstra, MD^_*, Dirk J. Van Veldhuisen, MD, FACC^_*, Vincent E. Hagens, MD^_*, Adelita V. Ranchor, PhD, Nic J.G.M. Veeger, MSc, Harry J.G.M. Crijns, MD, Isabelle C. Van Gelder, MD^_*,_* for the RACE Investigators

^_* Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Northern Center for Healthcare Research, Groningen, the Netherlands
University Hospital, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Trial Coordination Center, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands

View larger version (10K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Occurrence of the primary end point according to gender and randomized strategy. Open bars = rate control; solid bars = rhythm control.

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Figure 2 Event-free survival of female patients stratified to rate or rhythm control treatment.

View larger version (38K): [in a new window]   Figure 3 Quality of life scores of female patients versus male patients (A) and female patients versus female control subjects (matched for age) (B). *p < 0.05. Solid bars = female patients (n = 128); shaded bars = male patients (n = 330); open bars = female control subjects (n = 64).