Smoking and caffeine have a synergistic detrimental effect on aortic stiffness and wave reflections
Charalambos Vlachopoulos, MD*,
Foteini Kosmopoulou, RN,
Demosthenes Panagiotakos, PhD,
Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, MD,
Nikolaos Alexopoulos, MD,
Christos Pitsavos, MD, FACC and
Christodoulos Stefanadis, MD, FACC
1st Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Figure 1 Peripheral systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure response during the study. Each line represents response defined as net caffeine and smoking effect minus placebo and sham smoking effect (diamonds) or net smoking effect minus sham smoking effect (rectangles) at each time point. The p values on the graphs refer to the interaction between caffeine and smoking. Error bars = SEM.
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Figure 2 Pulse-wave velocity response during the study. Each line represents response, defined as net caffeine and smoking effect minus placebo and sham smoking effect (diamonds) or net smoking effect minus sham smoking effect (rectangles) at each time point. The p values on the graphs refer to the interaction between caffeine and smoking. Error bars = SEM.
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Figure 3 The augmentation index (corrected for changes in heart rate) and subendocardial viability index (SVI) response during the study. Each line represents response defined as net caffeine and smoking effect minus placebo and sham smoking effect (diamonds) or net smoking effect minus sham smoking effect (rectangles) at each time point. The p values on the graphs refer to the interaction between caffeine and smoking. Error bars = SEM.
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