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Anemia as a risk factor and therapeutic target in heart failure

G.Michael Felker, MD^*,*, Kirkwood F. Adams, Jr, MD, FACC, Wendy A. Gattis, PharmD^* and Christopher M. O'Connor, MD, FACC^*

^* Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 A conceptual model of mechanismsinvolved in the interaction between heart failure, renal function, bone marrow, and anemia. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; EPO = erythropoietin; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; RAS = renin-angiotensin system; RBC = red blood cell; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.