Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis evaluation
An accurate and novel approach
José Zamorano, MD*,*,
Pedro Cordeiro, MD*,
Lissa Sugeng, MD ,
Leopoldo Perez de Isla, MD*,
Lynn Weinert, MD,
Carlos Macaya, MD*,
Enrique Rodríguez, MD* and
Roberto M. Lang, MD
* Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
University Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Figure 1 Mitral valve orifice. Figure shows the accurate way that real-time three-dimensional echocardiography provides orientation of the mitral valvular orifice in the three planes of space and a measurement of mitral valve orifice.
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Figure 2 Bland-Altman graphs displaying differences against average values between traditional noninvasive and real-time three-dimensional (RT3D)-determined mitral valvular area. The thick line represents mean difference, and the thin lines represent the limits of agreement (all measurements in cm2). PHT = pressure half-time; PISA = proximal isovelocity surface area; 2D = two-dimensional echocardiography.
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Figure 3 Bland-Altman graphs displaying differences against average values between noninvasive and Gorlin-determined mitral valvular area. The thick line represents mean difference, and the thin lines represent the limits of agreement (all measurements in cm2). PHT = pressure half-time; PISA = proximal isovelocity surface area; RT3D = real-time three-dimensional echocardiography; 2D = two-dimensional echocardiography.
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