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The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease

An update

John A. Ambrose, MD, FACC^*,* and Rajat S. Barua, MD, PhD

^* Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, Saint Vincent Catholic Medical Centers of New York, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
Department of Medicine, the Bronx Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Potential pathways and mechanisms for cigarette smoking-mediated cardiovascular dysfunction. The bold boxes and arrows in the flow diagram represent the probable central mechanisms in the complex pathophysiology of cigarette-smoking-mediated athero-thrombotic disease. H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide; METC = mitochondial electron transport chain; NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form; NOS = nitric oxide synthase; ONOO– = peroxinitrite; O·2– = superoxide.