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Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure

Stephan Gielen, MD^*, Volker Adams, PhD^*, Sven Möbius-Winkler, MD^*, Axel Linke, MD^*, Sandra Erbs, MD^*, Jiangtao Yu, MD^*, Werner Kempf, MD, Andreas Schubert, PhD, Gerhard Schuler, MD^* and Rainer Hambrecht, MD^*,*

^* Universität Leipzig, Herzzentrum GmbH, Klinik für Innere Medizin/Kardiologie, Leipzig, Germany
Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Leipzig, Germany
Universitätsspital Zürich, Dept. für Dermatologie, Zürich, Switzerland

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Local expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (A), interleukin (IL)-6 (B), and IL-1-beta (C) in skeletal muscle biopsies of patients in the training group (black bars) and the control group (open bars) at study baseline and after six months. *p < 0.05 versus control group at six months; $p < 0.05 at six months versus respective baseline; #p < 0.05 for change at six months from baseline in training versus control group. mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid.

View larger version (147K): [in a new window]   Figure 2 In a subgroup of five training and five control patients, immunohistochemical staining of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1-beta, and IL-6 were performed at baseline to confirm the location of the cytokines in the skeletal myocytes. Representative immunohistochemical images of TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, and IL-6 are shown in Figure 1. Note the location of cytokine staining within the skeletal myocytes. Negative controls (i.e., incubated without the specific antibody) are shown for comparison.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Figure 3 Exercise training (black bars) was effective in reducing local inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression (A), iNOS protein content (B), and nitrotyrosine (C) after six months. No change was observed in the control group (open bars). **p < 0.01 versus control group at six months; $p < 0.05 versus respective baseline; #p < 0.05; ##p < 0.01 for change at six months from baseline in training versus control group.