Rate-dependent effect of verapamil on atrial refractoriness
Sohail A. Hassan, MD*,
Hakan Oral, MD, FACC*,
Christoph Scharf, MD*,
Aman Chugh, MD*,
Frank Pelosi, MD, FACC*,
Bradley P. Knight, MD, FACC*,
S. Adam Strickberger, MD, FACC* and
Fred Morady, MD, FACC*,*
* Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Figure 1 Atrial effective refractory periods (AERP) before and after infusion of verapamil, measured at basic drive cycle lengths (BDCL) of 650 to 250 ms, in the presence of autonomic blockade. Error bars = 1 standard deviation. *p < 0.01,  p < 0.05.
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Figure 2 Atrial effective refractory periods (AERP) before and after infusion of verapamil, measured at basic drive cycle lengths (BDCL) of 650 to 250 ms, in the absence of autonomic blockade. Error bars = 1 standard deviation. *p < 0.01, p < 0.05.
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Figure 3 Atrial effective refractory periods (AERP) in the control group, before and after infusion of saline, at basic drive cycle lengths (BDCL) of 600 to 250 ms. Error bars = 1 standard deviation. There were no significant differences between the effective refractory periods measured before and after saline infusion.
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