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Effect of long-term therapy with ramipril in high-risk women

Eva Lonn, MD, MSc, FACC^*,*, Rosa Roccaforte, MD, Qilong Yi, MSc, Gilles Dagenais, MSc, MD, FACC, Peter Sleight, MD, DM, FACC^||, Jackie Bosch, MSc^*, Pamela Suhan, BSN^¶, Mary Micks^*, Jeffrey Probstfield, MD, FACC^#, Victoria Bernstein, MD^**, Salim Yusuf, MBBS, DPhil, FACC^* HOPE Investigators

^* Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Population Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Fate Benefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy
Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Quebec Heart Institute, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada
^|| John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
^¶ Cleveland Clinic Foundation, CIeveland, Ohio, USA
^# University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
^** Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

View larger version (54K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier estimates for the major cardiovascular (CV) outcomes and all-cause death in women and men in the ramipril and placebo groups.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Figure 2 The effects of ramipril on the primary study outcome in key subgroups of women. The data show the consistency of the benefit of ramipril. The dotted line represents the average treatment effect in women. The size of each box is proportional to the number of patients in each individual analysis. The p value is for the subgroup–ramipril interaction term in the Cox proportional hazards model. Similar results were obtained using the test for homogeneity of odds ratios in subgroups. CAD = coronary artery disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; MI = myocardial infarction; PAD = peripheral arterial disease; RR = relative risk; TIA = transient ischemic attack.