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Circulatory response to fluid overload removal by extracorporeal ultrafiltration in refractory congestive heart failure

^a Centro Cardiologico Monzino, I.R.C.C.S., Institute of Cardiology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Figure 1 Mean pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP), mean right atrial pressure (RAP), cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) before, during and after extracorporeal ultrafiltration (UF). *p < 0.01 vs. before ultrafiltration.

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Figure 2 Right atrial pressure (RAP) versus pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP) during extracorporeal ultrafiltration. Symbols (mean [black circle] ± SD [bar]) are, from right to left, data obtained before ultrafiltration, after 1 L, 2 L, 3 L and 4 L of ultrafiltrate, at the end and 24 h after ultrafiltration. A 1 to 1 reduction of right and left atrial pressures suggests lowering of extracardiac constraint (see text).

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Figure 3 Percent changes in plasma volume (PV) (upper) and plasma refilling rate (PRR) (lower) during extracorporeal ultrafiltration (UF). *p < 0.01 vs. 1 L.