How the left and right sides of the heart, as well as pulmonary venous drainage, adapt to an increasing degree of head-up tilting in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: differences from the normal heart
Marco Guazzi, MD, PhD, FACCa,
Anna Maltagliati, MDa,
Gloria Tamborini, MDa,
Fabrizio Celeste, MDa,
Mauro Pepi, MDa,
Manuela Muratori, MDa,
Marco Berti, MDa and
Maurizio D. Guazzi, MD, PhDa
a Istituto di Cardiologia dell’Universita’ degli Studi, Centro Cardiologico, I.R.C.C.S., Centro di Studio Ricerche Cardiovascolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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Figure 1 Row data traces illustrating the typical pattern of transmitral and pulmonary vein flow velocities in the supine position and at 60° tilting for one control subject and one patient with HCM.
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Figure 2 Right ventricular end-diastolic area (open square = control subjects; solid squares = patients with HCM) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (open circles = control subjects; solid circles = patients with HCM) in the supine position and at different degrees of head-up tilting. #p < 0.01 vs. supine position. *p < 0.01 vs. corresponding value in control subjects. **p < 0.01 vs. immediately lower tilting degree.
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Figure 3 Left ventricular end-systolic wall stress and fiber fractional shortening in control subjects and patients with HCM. Each symbol represents the mean value in the following conditions: supine (solid square); 20° at 1 min (open diamond); 20° at 10 min (solid diamond); 40° at 1 min (open triangle); 40° at 10 min (solid triangle); 60° at 1 min (open circle); and 60° at 10 min (solid circle). Each bar represents 1 SD.
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