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CLINICAL RESEARCH: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Cardiac Rest and Reserve Function in Patients With Fontan Circulation

Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical School Hospital, Saitama, Japan

Manuscript received October 8, 2005; revised manuscript received January 30, 2006, accepted February 7, 2006.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Hideaki Senzaki, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Saitama Heart Institutes, Saitama Medical School Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan (Email: hsenzaki{at}saitama-med.ac.jp).

OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we systematically tested cardiac rest and reserve function in patients with Fontan physiology to check for inherent limitations of this circulation.

BACKGROUND: Details of the mechanisms of cardiac performance that could account for adverse outcome after Fontan surgery are not well understood.

METHODS: The subjects were 17 Fontan patients with good functional status (Fontan group) and 20 patients with normal two-ventricle circulation (control group). We examined baseline ventricular contractility, diastolic function, and loading factors, and examined changes in those parameters in response to increased heart rate (HR) due to atrial pacing and in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation, using ventricular pressure-area relationships during preload reduction.

RESULTS: At baseline, the Fontan patients exhibited minimal abnormality of cardiac properties, but the significant increase in afterload resulted in decreased cardiac index. In addition, Fontan circulation was associated with limited inotropic response and worsening of diastolic filling with increased HR, leading to decreased systolic pressure and elevation of central venous pressure at higher HRs (p < 0.05 vs. control). Furthermore, beta-adrenergic reserve was markedly decreased in the Fontan group, compared with controls, owing to limited preload reserve rather than limited contractile reserve.

CONCLUSIONS: Because normal ventricular-vascular interaction and augmentation of cardiac performance during increased HR and adrenergic stimulation are important for maintaining cardiac output and exercise capacity, the present results may have important implications for the mechanisms underlying adverse outcome after Fontan surgery. Thus, improvement of long-term prognosis of patients after Fontan surgery requires the development of medical interventions that can overcome such limitations inherent in Fontan circulation.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   CI = cardiac index   Ea = effective arterial elastance   EDAI = end-diastolic area index   EDP = end-diastolic pressure   EDPAR = end-diastolic pressure-area relation   Ees = end-systolic elastance   ESP = end-systolic pressure   FS = fractional shortening   HR = heart rate   IVC = inferior vena caval   SAI = stroke area index

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