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PRE-CLINICAL RESEARCH

Calcium-Dependent NOX5 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Contributes to Vascular Oxidative Stress in Human Coronary Artery Disease

Tomasz J. Guzik, MD, PhD^_*,, Wei Chen, MD, PhD^_*, Maria C. Gongora, MD^_*, Bartlomiej Guzik, MD, PhD, Heinrich E. Lob, PhD^_*, Deepa Mangalat, MD^_*, Nyssa Hoch, PhD^_*, Sergey Dikalov, PhD^_*, Pawel Rudzinski, MD, PhD, Boguslaw Kapelak, MD, PhD, Jerzy Sadowski, MD, PhD and David G. Harrison, MD, FACC^_*,_*

^_* Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Cracow, Poland
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Cracow, Poland

Manuscript received February 25, 2008; revised manuscript received July 3, 2008, accepted July 14, 2008.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. David G. Harrison, 1639 Pierce Drive, Room 319 WMRB, Emory University Cardiology Division, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 (Email: dharr02{at}emory.edu).

Objectives: This study sought to examine the expression and activity of the calcium-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.

Background: The NOX-based NADPH oxidases are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human vessels. Several NOX homologues have been identified, but their relative contribution to vascular ROS production in coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear; NOX5 is a unique homolog in that it is calcium dependent and thus could be activated by vasoconstrictor hormones. Its presence has not yet been studied in human vessels.

Methods: Coronary arteries from patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with CAD or without CAD were studied; NOX5 was quantified and visualized using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase activity, corresponding greatly to NOX5 activity, was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance.

Results: Both Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated a marked increase in NOX5 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in CAD versus non-CAD vessels. Calcium-dependent NADPH-driven production of ROS in vascular membranes, reflecting NOX5 activity, was increased 7-fold in CAD and correlated significantly with NOX5 mRNA levels among subjects. Immunofluorescence showed that NOX5 was expressed in the endothelium in the early lesions and in vascular smooth muscle cells in the advanced coronary lesions.

Conclusions: These studies identify NOX5 as a novel, calcium-dependent source of ROS in atherosclerosis.

Key Words: reactive oxygen species • NOX5 • NADPH oxidase • atherosclerosis • coronary artery disease

Abbreviations and Acronyms   CAD = coronary artery disease   NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate   NOX = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase   ROS = reactive oxygen species

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