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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2008; 51:810-815, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.065
© 2008 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
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FOCUS ISSUE: ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: CLINICAL RESEARCH: ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND EMBOLISM

Comparison of Risk Stratification Schemes to Predict Thromboembolism in People With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Margaret C. Fang, MD, MPH*,*, Alan S. Go, MD*,{dagger}, Yuchiao Chang, PhD{ddagger}, Leila Borowsky, MPH{ddagger}, Niela K. Pomernacki, RD{dagger}, Daniel E. Singer, MD{ddagger} for the ATRIA Study Group

* Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
{dagger} Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, California
{ddagger} Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Manuscript received July 2, 2007; revised manuscript received September 11, 2007, accepted September 17, 2007.

* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Margaret C. Fang, 503 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0131, San Francisco, California 94143. (Email: mfang{at}medicine.ucsf.edu).

Objectives: We assessed 5 risk stratification schemes for their ability to predict atrial fibrillation (AF)–related thromboembolism in a large community-based cohort.

Background: Risk schemes can help target anticoagulant therapy for patients at highest risk for AF–related thromboembolism. We tested the predictive ability of 5 risk schemes: the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators, Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation, CHADS2 (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥ 75 years, Diabetes mellitus, and prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack) index, Framingham score, and the 7th American College of Chest Physicians Guidelines.

Methods: We followed a cohort of 13,559 adults with AF for a median of 6.0 years. Among non-warfarin users, we identified incident thromboembolism (ischemic stroke or peripheral embolism) and risk factors from clinical databases. Each scheme was divided into low, intermediate, and high predicted risk categories and applied to the cohort. Annualized thromboembolism rates and c-statistics (to assess discrimination) were calculated for each risk scheme.

Results: We identified 685 validated thromboembolic events that occurred during 32,721 person-years off warfarin therapy. The risk schemes had only fair discriminating ability, with c-statistics ranging from 0.56 to 0.62. The proportion of patients assigned to individual risk categories varied widely across the schemes. The proportion categorized as low risk ranged from 11.7% to 37.1% across schemes, and the proportion considered high risk ranged from 16.4% to 80.4%.

Conclusions: Current risk schemes have comparable, but only limited, overall ability to predict thromboembolism in persons with AF. Recommendations for antithrombotic therapy may vary widely depending on which scheme is applied for individual patients. Better risk stratification is crucially needed to improve selection of AF patients for anticoagulant therapy.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  ACCP = American College of Chest Physicians Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
  AF = atrial fibrillation
  AFI = Atrial Fibrillation Investigators
  CHADS2 = Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 years, Diabetes mellitus, and prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack
  CI = confidence interval
  ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification


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