CLINICAL RESEARCH: ETHNICITY AND CARDIAC CHANGES IN ATHLETES
Ethnic Differences in Left Ventricular Remodeling in Highly-Trained AthletesRelevance to Differentiating Physiologic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy From Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Sandeep Basavarajaiah, MBBS, MRCP*, ,
Araceli Boraita, MD ,
Gregory Whyte, PhD ,
Mathew Wilson, MSc,
Lorna Carby, BSc,
Ajay Shah, MD, FRCP* and
Sanjay Sharma, BSc (Hons), MD, FRCP*,,*
* King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
University Hospital Lewisham, London, United Kingdom
Sport Medicine Center, Higher Sports Council, Madrid, Spain
Olympic Medical Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Manuscript received October 23, 2007;
revised manuscript received December 12, 2007,
accepted December 17, 2007.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Sanjay Sharma, Director of Heart Muscle Diseases, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom SE5 9RS. (Email: ssharma21{at}hotmail.com).
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ethnic differences in left ventricular (LV) remodeling between highly-trained athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean (black) and Caucasian (white) athletes.
Background: The upper limits of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are established in white athletes and aid the differentiation of physiologic LVH from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, there are few data regarding LV remodeling in black athletes, in whom deaths from HCM are more prevalent.
Methods: Between 2003 and 2007, 300 nationally ranked black male athletes (mean age 20.5 years) underwent 12-lead electrocardiogram and 2-dimensional echocardiography. The results were compared with 150 black and white sedentary individuals and 300 highly-trained white male athletes matched for age, size, and sport.
Results: Black athletes exhibited greater LV wall thickness and cavity size compared with sedentary black and white individuals. Black athletes had greater LV wall thickness compared with white athletes (11.3 ± 1.6 mm vs. 10 ± 1.5 mm; p < 0.001). In absolute terms, 54 black athletes (18%) had LV wall thickness >12 mm compared with 12 white athletes (4%), and 3% of black athletes exhibited LV wall thickness  15 mm compared with none of the white athletes. Black athletes with LVH displayed an enlarged LV cavity and normal diastolic function.
Conclusions: Black athletes develop a greater magnitude of LVH compared with white athletes; therefore, extrapolation of conclusions derived from white athletes has the potential of generating false-positive diagnoses of HCM in black athletes.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | BP = blood pressure | | BSA = body surface area | | ECG = electrocardiography/ electrocardiogram | | HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | | LV = left ventricular | | LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy | | TDI = tissue Doppler imaging |
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