STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER
Resting Heart Rate in Cardiovascular Disease
Kim Fox, MD, FESC*,*,
Jeffrey S. Borer, MD, FACC ,
A. John Camm, MD, FESC, FACC ,
Nicolas Danchin, MD, FESC ,
Roberto Ferrari, MD, FESC||,
Jose L. Lopez Sendon, MD, FESC, FACC¶,
Philippe Gabriel Steg, MD, FESC, FACC#,
Jean-Claude Tardif, MD, FACC, FRCPC**,
Luigi Tavazzi, MD, FESC, FACC,
Michal Tendera, MD, FESC, FACC for the Heart Rate Working Group
* Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England
Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
Division of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. George’s University of London, London, England
Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
|| Arcispedale S. Anna, Divisione di Cardiologia, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
¶ Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
# Hôpital Bichat, Claude Bernard, Paris, France
** Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, Institute of Care and Research, Pavia, Italy
Silesian School of Medicine, 3rd Division of Cardiology, Katowice, Poland.
Manuscript received December 21, 2006;
revised manuscript received March 27, 2007,
accepted April 10, 2007.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Kim Fox, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, England. (Email: k.fox{at}rbh.nthames.nhs.uk).
The importance of resting heart rate (HR) as a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target is not yet generally accepted. Recent large epidemiologic studies have confirmed earlier studies that showed resting HR to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in men and women with and without diagnosed cardiovascular disease. Clinical trial data suggest that HR reduction itself is an important mechanism of benefit of beta-blockers and other heart-rate lowering drugs used after acute myocardial infarction, in chronic heart failure, and in stable angina pectoris. Pathophysiological studies indicate that a relatively high HR has direct detrimental effects on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis, on the occurrence of myocardial ischemia and ventricular arrhythmias, and on left ventricular function. Studies have found a continuous increase in risk with HR above 60 beats/min. Although it may be difficult to define an optimal HR for a given individual, it seems desirable to maintain resting HR substantially below the traditionally defined tachycardia threshold of 90 or 100 beats/min. These findings suggest that the potential role of HR and its modulation should be considered in future cardiovascular guidance documents.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | AMI = acute myocardial infarction | | HR = heart rate |
|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M. L. Antoni, H. Boden, V. Delgado, E. Boersma, K. Fox, M. J. Schalij, and J. J. Bax
Relationship between discharge heart rate and mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Eur. Heart J.,
January 1, 2012;
33(1):
96 - 102.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nauman, I. Janszky, L. J. Vatten, and U. Wisloff
Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate and Deaths From Ischemic Heart Disease
JAMA,
December 21, 2011;
306(23):
2579 - 2587.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Cullington, K. M. Goode, J. G. F. Cleland, and A. L. Clark
Limited role for ivabradine in the treatment of chronic heart failure
Heart,
December 1, 2011;
97(23):
1961 - 1966.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palatini
Role of Elevated Heart Rate in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertension
Hypertension,
November 1, 2011;
58(5):
745 - 750.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sack, C. M. Wende, H. Nagele, A. Katz, W. R. Bauer, C. S. Barr, K. Malinowski, H. Schwacke, F. Leyva, J. Proff, et al.
Potential value of automated daily screening of cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator diagnostics for prediction of major cardiovascular events: results from Home-CARE (Home Monitoring in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) study
Eur J Heart Fail,
September 1, 2011;
13(9):
1019 - 1027.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ceconi, G. Guardigli, P. Rizzo, G. Francolini, and R. Ferrari
The heart rate story
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
September 1, 2011;
13(suppl_C):
C4 - C13.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ferrari
Preface
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
September 1, 2011;
13(suppl_C):
C1 - C3.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Fox
Current status: heart rate as a treatable risk factor
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
September 1, 2011;
13(suppl_C):
C30 - C36.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Steg and S. H. Dorman
The evolving nature of coronary artery disease
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
September 1, 2011;
13(suppl_C):
C14 - C18.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Legeai, X. Jouven, M. Tafflet, J. Dartigues, C. Helmer, K. Ritchie, P. Amouyel, C. Tzourio, P. Ducimetiere, and J. Empana
Resting heart rate, mortality and future coronary heart disease in the elderly: the 3C study
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation,
June 1, 2011;
18(3):
488 - 497.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Custodis, K. Gertz, M. Balkaya, V. Prinz, I. Mathar, C. Stamm, G. Kronenberg, A. Kazakov, M. Freichel, M. Bohm, et al.
Heart Rate Contributes to the Vascular Effects of Chronic Mental Stress: Effects on Endothelial Function and Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice
Stroke,
June 1, 2011;
42(6):
1742 - 1749.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Sjoberg, G. D. Brinkworth, T. P. Wycherley, M. Noakes, and D. A. Saint
Moderate weight loss improves heart rate variability in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes
J Appl Physiol,
April 1, 2011;
110(4):
1060 - 1064.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Grippo, C. S. Carter, N. McNeal, D. L. Chandler, M. A. LaRocca, S. L. Bates, and S. W. Porges
24-Hour Autonomic Dysfunction and Depressive Behaviors in an Animal Model of Social Isolation: Implications for the Study of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
Psychosom Med,
January 1, 2011;
73(1):
59 - 66.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Custodis, S. H. Schirmer, M. Baumhakel, G. Heusch, M. Bohm, and U. Laufs
Vascular Pathophysiology in Response to Increased Heart Rate
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
December 7, 2010;
56(24):
1973 - 1983.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Anselmino, J. Ohrvik, L. Ryden, and on behalf of the Euro Heart Survey Investigators
Resting heart rate in patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart
Eur. Heart J.,
December 2, 2010;
31(24):
3040 - 3045.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. M. Sarullo, G. Fazio, D. Puccio, S. Fasullo, S. Paterna, S. Novo, and P. Di Pasquale
Impact of ''Off-Label'' Use of Ivabradine on Exercise Capacity, Gas Exchange, Functional Class, Quality of Life, and Neurohormonal Modulation in Patients With Ischemic Chronic Heart Failure
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
December 1, 2010;
15(4):
349 - 355.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Vitale, F. Iellamo, M. Volterrani, M. Lombardi, M. Fini, M. Banach, and G. M. C. Rosano
Heart Rate Control in an Unselected Consecutive Population of Outpatients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Analysis of the CARDIf Study Cohort
Angiology,
November 1, 2010;
61(8):
763 - 767.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Eijgelsheim, C. Newton-Cheh, N. Sotoodehnia, P. I. W. de Bakker, M. Muller, A. C. Morrison, A. V. Smith, A. Isaacs, S. Sanna, M. Dorr, et al.
Genome-wide association analysis identifies multiple loci related to resting heart rate
Hum. Mol. Genet.,
October 1, 2010;
19(19):
3885 - 3894.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Okin, S. E. Kjeldsen, S. Julius, D. A. Hille, B. Dahlof, J. M. Edelman, and R. B. Devereux
All-cause and cardiovascular mortality in relation to changing heart rate during treatment of hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy
Eur. Heart J.,
September 2, 2010;
31(18):
2271 - 2279.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. English, M. Appalsamy, A. Diedrich, A. M. Ruggiero, D. Lund, J. Wright, N. R. Keller, K. M. Louderback, D. Robertson, and R. D. Blakely
Tachycardia, reduced vagal capacity, and age-dependent ventricular dysfunction arising from diminished expression of the presynaptic choline transporter
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
September 1, 2010;
299(3):
H799 - H810.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Tardif
Coronary artery disease in 2010
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2010;
12(suppl_C):
C2 - C10.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Steg
New insights into coronary artery disease: role of ivabradine
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2010;
12(suppl_C):
C11 - C15.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fox
Ivabradine: advantages throughout the cardiovascular continuum
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2010;
12(suppl_C):
C16 - C20.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.-M. Lin, K.-M. Chu, and C.-L. Han
Letter by Lin et al Regarding Article, "Heart Rate Predicts Outcomes in an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Population"
Circulation,
June 22, 2010;
121(24):
e450 - e450.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fazio and G. Carlomagno
Letter by Fazio and Carlomagno Regarding Article, "Heart Rate Predicts Outcomes in an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Population"
Circulation,
June 22, 2010;
121(24):
e451 - e451.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhang, X.-O. Shu, Y.-B. Xiang, G. Yang, H. Li, H. Cai, Y.-T. Gao, and W. Zheng
Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Int. J. Epidemiol.,
June 1, 2010;
39(3):
900 - 906.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. H. Rutten, N. P. A. Zuithoff, E. Hak, D. E. Grobbee, and A. W. Hoes
{beta}-Blockers May Reduce Mortality and Risk of Exacerbations in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Arch Intern Med,
May 24, 2010;
170(10):
880 - 887.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A Daly, F. Clemens, J. L Lopez Sendon, L. Tavazzi, E. Boersma, N. Danchin, F. Delahaye, A. Gitt, D. Julian, D. Mulcahy, et al.
Inadequate control of heart rate in patients with stable angina: results from the European Heart Survey
Postgrad. Med. J.,
April 1, 2010;
86(1014):
212 - 217.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Nauman, T. I. L. Nilsen, U. Wisloff, and L. J. Vatten
Combined effect of resting heart rate and physical activity on ischaemic heart disease: mortality follow-up in a population study (the HUNT study, Norway)
J Epidemiol Community Health,
February 1, 2010;
64(2):
175 - 181.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. La Rovere
Heart rate and arrhythmic risk: old markers never die
Europace,
February 1, 2010;
12(2):
155 - 157.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Swedberg, M. Komajda, M. Bohm, J. S. Borer, I. Ford, and L. Tavazzi
Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outcome trial of ivabradine in chronic heart failure: the Systolic Heart Failure Treatment with the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT)
Eur J Heart Fail,
January 1, 2010;
12(1):
75 - 81.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Andrikopoulos, S. Tzeis, G. Theodorakis, and P. Vardas
Monitoring capabilities of cardiac rhythm management devices
Europace,
January 1, 2010;
12(1):
17 - 23.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ahmadi-Kashani, D. J. Kessler, J. Day, T. J. Bunch, K. Q. Stolen, S. Brown, S. Sbaity, B. Olshansky, and on behalf of the INTRINSIC RV Study Investigators
Heart Rate Predicts Outcomes in an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Population
Circulation,
November 24, 2009;
120(21):
2040 - 2045.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fox, I. Ford, Ph. G. Steg, M. Tendera, M. Robertson, R. Ferrari, and on behalf of the BEAUTIFUL Investigators
Relationship between ivabradine treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with limiting angina: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled BEAUTIFUL trial
Eur. Heart J.,
October 1, 2009;
30(19):
2337 - 2345.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ceconi, A. Cargnoni, G. Francolini, G. Parinello, and R. Ferrari
Heart rate reduction with ivabradine improves energy metabolism and mechanical function of isolated ischaemic rabbit heart
Cardiovasc Res,
October 1, 2009;
84(1):
72 - 82.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R. Poulter, J. E. Dobson, P. S. Sever, B. Dahlof, H. Wedel, N. R.C. Campbell, and on behalf of the ASCOT Investigators
Baseline Heart Rate, Antihypertensive Treatment, and Prevention of Cardiovascular Outcomes in ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 22, 2009;
54(13):
1154 - 1161.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Lavie, F. H. Messerli, and R. V. Milani
Beta-Blockers as First-Line Antihypertensive Therapy: The Crumbling Continues
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 22, 2009;
54(13):
1162 - 1164.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Beddhu, S. U. Nigwekar, X. Ma, and T. Greene
Associations of resting heart rate with insulin resistance, cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.,
August 1, 2009;
24(8):
2482 - 2488.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Marroni, A. Pfeufer, Y. S. Aulchenko, C. S. Franklin, A. Isaacs, I. Pichler, S. H. Wild, B. A. Oostra, A. F. Wright, H. Campbell, et al.
A Genome-Wide Association Scan of RR and QT Interval Duration in 3 European Genetically Isolated Populations: The EUROSPAN Project
Circ Cardiovasc Genet,
August 1, 2009;
2(4):
322 - 328.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ferrari
A step further with ivabradine: SIGNIfY (Study assessInG the morbidity-mortality beNefits of the If inhibitor ivabradine in patients with coronarY artery disease)
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2009;
11(suppl_D):
D19 - D27.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Steg
Heart rate management in coronary artery disease: the CLARIFY registry
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2009;
11(suppl_D):
D13 - D18.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Alig, L. Marger, P. Mesirca, H. Ehmke, M. E. Mangoni, and D. Isbrandt
Control of heart rate by cAMP sensitivity of HCN channels
PNAS,
July 21, 2009;
106(29):
12189 - 12194.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. P. Christensen, R.-l. Zhang, W. Zheng, J. J. Campanelli, E. I. Dedkov, R. M. Weiss, and R. J. Tomanek
Postmyocardial infarction remodeling and coronary reserve: effects of ivabradine and beta blockade therapy
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
July 1, 2009;
297(1):
H322 - H330.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bohm, M. Thoenes, H.-R. Neuberger, S. Graber, J.-C. Reil, P. Bramlage, and M. Volpe
Atrial fibrillation and heart rate independently correlate to microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients
Eur. Heart J.,
June 1, 2009;
30(11):
1364 - 1371.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Tardif
Heart rate as a treatable cardiovascular risk factor
Br. Med. Bull.,
June 1, 2009;
90(1):
71 - 84.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mukaddam-Daher, A. Menaouar, P.-A. Paquette, M. Jankowski, J. Gutkowska, M.-A. Gillis, Y.-F. Shi, A. Calderone, and J.-C. Tardif
Hemodynamic and Cardiac Effects of Chronic Eprosartan and Moxonidine Therapy in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Hypertension,
May 1, 2009;
53(5):
775 - 781.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Tardif, P. Ponikowski, T. Kahan, and for the ASSOCIATE study Investigators
Efficacy of the If current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Eur. Heart J.,
March 1, 2009;
30(5):
540 - 548.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Logeart, J.-P. Gueffet, F. Rouzet, F. Pousset, C. Chavelas, A. C. Solal, and G. Jondeau
Heart rate per se impacts cardiac function in patients with systolic heart failure and pacing: a pilot study
Eur J Heart Fail,
January 1, 2009;
11(1):
53 - 57.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gopinathannair, R. M. Sullivan, and B. Olshansky
Slower Heart Rates for Healthy Hearts: Time to Redefine Tachycardia?
Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,
December 1, 2008;
1(5):
321 - 323.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Olshansky, U. Ebinger, J. Brum, M. Egermark, A. Viegas, and L. Rekeda
Differential Pharmacological Effects of Antimuscarinic Drugs on Heart Rate: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Crossover Study With Tolterodine and Darifenacin in Healthy Participants >=50 Years
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
December 1, 2008;
13(4):
241 - 251.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tverdal, V. Hjellvik, and R. Selmer
Heart rate and mortality from cardiovascular causes: a 12 year follow-up study of 379 843 men and women aged 40-45 years
Eur. Heart J.,
November 2, 2008;
29(22):
2772 - 2781.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Escobar and V. Barrios
High resting heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor or a marker of risk?
Eur. Heart J.,
November 2, 2008;
29(22):
2823 - 2824.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Nagele, W. Rodiger, and M. A. Castel
Rate-responsive pacing in patients with heart failure: long-term results of a randomized study
Europace,
October 1, 2008;
10(10):
1182 - 1188.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger, M. E. Cain, S. H. Hohnloser, A. H. Kadish, B. P. Knight, M. S. Lauer, B. J. Maron, R. L. Page, R. S. Passman, D. Siscovick, et al.
American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 30, 2008;
52(14):
1179 - 1199.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger, M. E. Cain, S. H. Hohnloser, A. H. Kadish, B. P. Knight, M. S. Lauer, B. J. Maron, R. L. Page, R. S. Passman, D. Siscovick, et al.
American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention
Circulation,
September 30, 2008;
118(14):
1497 - 1518.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Carney, B. Steinmeyer, K. E. Freedland, J. A. Blumenthal, P. K. Stein, W. A. Steinhoff, W. B. Howells, L. F. Berkman, L. L. Watkins, S. M. Czajkowski, et al.
Nighttime Heart Rate and Survival in Depressed Patients Post Acute Myocardial Infarction
Psychosom Med,
September 1, 2008;
70(7):
757 - 763.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Olshansky, H. N. Sabbah, P. J. Hauptman, and W. S. Colucci
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Potential Implications for Therapy
Circulation,
August 19, 2008;
118(8):
863 - 871.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ferrari, C. Ceconi, and G. Guardigli
Pathophysiological role of heart rate: from ischaemia to left ventricular dysfunction
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2008;
10(suppl_F):
F7 - F10.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Zamorano
Heart rate management: a therapeutic goal throughout the cardiovascular continuum
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
August 1, 2008;
10(suppl_F):
F17 - F21.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Lahiri, P. J. Kannankeril, and J. J. Goldberger
Assessment of Autonomic Function in Cardiovascular Disease: Physiological Basis and Prognostic Implications
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
May 6, 2008;
51(18):
1725 - 1733.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Spaak, A. C. Merlocco, G. J. Soleas, G. Tomlinson, B. L. Morris, P. Picton, C. F. Notarius, C. T. Chan, and J. S. Floras
Dose-related effects of red wine and alcohol on hemodynamics, sympathetic nerve activity, and arterial diameter
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
February 1, 2008;
294(2):
H605 - H612.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fox, J. S. Borer, A. J. Camm, N. Danchin, R. Ferrari, J. L. Lopez Sendon, P. G. Steg, J.-C. Tardif, L. Tavazzi, M. Tendera, et al.
Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 22, 2008;
51(3):
331 - 332.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. H. Messerli and S. Bangalore
Resting Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Disease: The Beta-Blocker Hypertension Paradox
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 22, 2008;
51(3):
330 - 331.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
