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STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER

Reversal of Calcium Cycling Defects in Advanced Heart Failure

Toward Molecular Therapy

Masahiko Hoshijima, MD, PhD^_*,, Ralph Knöll, MD, PhD^_*, Mohammad Pashmforoush, MD, PhD^_* and Kenneth R. Chien, MD, PhD^_*,,_*

^_* Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.

Manuscript received February 7, 2006; revised manuscript received May 22, 2006, accepted June 22, 2006.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Kenneth R. Chien, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B Simches Research Center, CPZN 3208, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02144-2790. (Email: kchien{at}partners.org).

Heart failure is a growing major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. A wave of new insights from diverse laboratories has begun to uncover new therapeutic strategies that affect the molecular pathways within cardiomyocytes that drive heart failure progression. Using an integrative approach that employs insights from genetic-based studies in mouse and humans and in vivo somatic gene transfer studies, we have uncovered a new link between stress signals mediated by mechanical stretch and defects in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium cycling. An intrinsic mechanical stress sensing system is embedded in the Z disc of cardiomyocytes, and defects in stretch responses can lead to heart failure progression and associated increases in wall stress. Reversal of the chronic increases in wall stress by promoting SR calcium cycling can prevent and partially reverse heart failure progression in multiple genetic and acquired model systems of heart failure in both small and large animals. We propose that reversal of advanced heart failure is possible by targeting the defects in SR calcium cycling, which may be a final common pathway for the progression of many forms of heart failure.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   BNP = brain natriuretic peptide   CM = cardiomyopathic   CSRP3 = cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3   DCM = dilated cardiomyopathy   HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy   MLP = muscle-specific LIM protein   PKA = protein kinase A   PLN = phospholamban   post-MI = post-myocardial infarction   rAAV = recombinant adeno-associated virus   RyR = ryanodine receptor   SERCA2 = sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2   SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum   T-cap = titin-cap   TTN = titin

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