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STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER

Imaging Stem Cells Implanted in Infarcted Myocardium

Rong Zhou, PhD^_*,_*, Paul D. Acton, PhD and Victor A. Ferrari, MD

^_* Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Manuscript received June 20, 2006; revised manuscript received August 14, 2006, accepted August 14, 2006.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Rong Zhou, Molecular Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, B6 Blockley Hall, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. (Email: zhou{at}rad.upenn.edu).

Stem cell–based cellular cardiomyoplasty represents a promising therapy for myocardial infarction. Noninvasive imaging techniques would allow the evaluation of survival, migration, and differentiation status of implanted stem cells in the same subject over time. This review describes methods for cell visualization using several corresponding noninvasive imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and bioluminescent imaging. Reporter-based cell visualization is compared with direct cell labeling for short- and long-term cell tracking.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   BMSC = bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell   D2R = dopamine type 2 receptor   ECFP = enhanced cyan fluorescent protein   Fluc = firefly luciferase   GFP = green fluorescent protein   HSV1-tk = herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase   MLC2v = ventricular myosin light chain 2   MPIO = micrometer-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide   NIS = sodium-iodide symporter   PET = positron emission tomography   SPECT = single-photon emission computerized tomography   SPIO = superparamagnetic iron oxide   TA = transfecting agent   TFR = transferrin receptor   TK = thymidine kinase   USPIO = ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide

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