STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER
The Pathogenesis of Myocardial Fibrosis in the Setting of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Juan Asbun, MD, PhD* and
Francisco J. Villarreal, MD, PhD ,*
* Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
Manuscript received May 19, 2005;
revised manuscript received August 24, 2005,
accepted September 26, 2005.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Francisco J. Villarreal, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0613J. (Email: fvillarr{at}ucsd.edu).
Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to worldwide health. The increasing incidence of diabetes in young individuals is particularly worrisome given that the disease is likely to evolve over a period of years. In 1972, the existence of a diabetic cardiomyopathy was proposed based on the experience with four adult diabetic patients who suffered from congestive heart failure in the absence of discernible coronary artery disease, valvular or congenital heart disease, hypertension, or alcoholism. The exact mechanisms underlying the disease are unknown; however, an important component of the pathological alterations observed in these hearts includes the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, in particular collagens. The excess deposition of ECM in the heart mirrors what occurs in other organs such as the kidney and peritoneum of diabetics. Mechanisms responsible for these alterations may include the excess production, reduced degradation, and/or chemical modification of ECM proteins. These effects may be the result of direct or indirect actions of high glucose concentrations. This article reviews our state of knowledge on the effects that diabetes-like conditions exert on the cells responsible for ECM production as well as relevant experimental and clinical data.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | AGE = advanced glycosylation end products | | Ang II = angiotensin II | | DAG = diacylglycerol | | DM = diabetes mellitus | | DN = diabetic nephropathy | | ECM = extracellular matrix | | HG = high glucose | | LV = left ventricle/ventricular | | MMP = matrix metalloproteinases | | PKC = protein kinase C | | ROS = reactive oxygen species | | TGF = transforming growth factor |
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