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CLINICAL RESEARCH: RENAL BLOOD FLOW

Assessment of Renal Flow and Flow Reserve in Humans

Ganesh Manoharan, MBBCh, MD^_*, Nico H.J. Pijls, MD, PhD, Norbert Lameire, MD, PhD, Katia Verhamme, MD, PhD, Guy R. Heyndrickx, MD, PhD^_*, Emanuele Barbato, MD^_*, William Wijns, MD, PhD^_*, Juraj Madaric, MD^_*, Xanden Tielbeele, MD, Jozef Bartunek, MD, PhD^_* and Bernard De Bruyne, MD, PhD^_*,_*

^_* Cardiovascular Centre Aalst, OLV-Clinic, Aalst, Belgium
Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Department of Nephrology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Epidemiology, OLV-Clinic, Aalst, Belgium

Manuscript received June 22, 2005; revised manuscript received July 25, 2005, accepted August 8, 2005.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Bernard De Bruyne, Cardiovascular Center Aalst, OLV-Clinic, Moorselbaan, 164, B-9300 Aalst, Belgium (Email: bernard.de.bruyne{at}olvz-aalst.be).

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to establish the normal range of maximal renal hyperemic response in humans and to identify the ideal renal vasodilatory stimuli.

BACKGROUND: Stenotic renovascular atherosclerosis is increasingly treated by percutaneous transluminal renal intervention but with an unpredictable outcome. This may be due to hemodynamically non-significant stenosis or the presence of irreversible damage to the glomerular circulation. We propose that the renovascular hyperemic response may help identify appropriate patients.

METHODS: In 28 normotensive patients, quantitative angiographic measurements of the renal artery were obtained, and renal artery pressure and flow velocity were continuously recorded after various hyperemic agents.

RESULTS: In a first group of 11 patients, a significant increase in renal artery average peak velocity (APV) was observed after intrarenal (IR) bolus injection of 600 µg isosorbide dinitrate (41 ± 19%), 30 mg papaverine (50 ± 34%), 50 µg dopamine (94 ± 54%), 0.8 µg·kg^–1 fenoldopam (80 ± 25%), and during IR infusion of 1 µg·kg^–1·min^–1 fenoldopam (86 ± 28%). A second group of 17 patients received intravenous infusion of dopamine (3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 µg·kg^–1·min^–1). The 3 and 5 µg·kg^–1·min^–1 of dopamine modestly reduced renal resistance index (RI) (–13 ± 15% and –25 ± 20%, respectively). At higher dosages, no further decline in RI was observed. No significant change in vessel diameter was observed before and after the administration of the pharmacological stimuli suggesting that changes in APV corresponded with changes in absolute renal blood flow.

CONCLUSIONS: The normal renal flow reserve averages approximately 2 in humans with normal renal function. An IR bolus injection of 50 µg·kg^–1 of dopamine is the most convenient means to elicit maximal renal hyperemia.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   APV = average peak velocity   HR = heart rate   IR = intrarenal   IV = intravenous   MBP = mean blood pressure   PRI = percutaneous transluminal renal intervention   RAS = renal artery stenosis   RI = renal vascular resistance index

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