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CLINICAL RESEARCH: MRI AND RESYNCHRONIZATION

Propagation of Onset and PeakTime of Myocardial Shortening in Time of Myocardial Shortening in Ischemic Versus Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Myocardial Tagging

Jaco J.M. Zwanenburg, MSc^_*,_*, Marco J.W. Götte, MD, PhD^,, J. Tim Marcus, PhD^_*, Joost P.A. Kuijer, PhD^_*, Paul Knaapen, MD, Robert M. Heethaar, PhD^_* and Albert C. van Rossum, MD, PhD

^_* Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

Manuscript received February 28, 2005; revised manuscript received August 16, 2005, accepted August 22, 2005.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Jaco J. M. Zwanenburg, Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Email: jjm.zwanenburg{at}vumc.nl).

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the relation between onset and peak time of circumferential shortening and the direction of propagation of these parameters in both ischemic and nonischemic patients.

BACKGROUND: Peak time is often used to select patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy, whereas pacing influences only the onset times directly. Furthermore, it is unclear whether there is a consistent direction of propagation delay and whether this depends on the etiology.

METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging myocardial tagging with high temporal resolution (14 ms) was applied to 29 patients (18 nonischemic, 11 ischemic) and 17 healthy control subjects. Time to onset (T_onset), to first peak (T_peak,first), and to maximum peak (T_peak,max) of circumferential shortening were determined. Three-dimensional vectors were calculated to denote the main direction of asynchrony.

RESULTS: In both patient groups, T_onset showed a significant positive relation with both T_peak,first and T_peak,max; however, T_peak,first correlated considerably better with T_onset than did T_peak,max (p < 0.0001 for nonischemic, and p < 0.01 for ischemic patients). Moreover, the relations between T_peak and T_onset were stronger in the nonischemic patients than in the ischemic patients (p < 0.001). In nonischemic patients, the propagation of T_onset was consistently from septum to lateral wall. In the ischemic patients, however, no consistent direction of propagation was found. For both groups, the longitudinal propagation delays (between apex and base) were negligible compared with the short-axis delays.

CONCLUSIONS: The relation between peak time and onset time of shortening is strongest in nonischemic patients and is most consistent when time to first peak is used (instead of time to maximum peak).

Abbreviations and Acronyms   CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy   ECG = electrocardiogram   EF = ejection fraction   LV = left ventricle/ventricular   MRI = magnetic resonance imaging   OS = onset of shortening   PS = peak shortening   SV = stroke volume   Tonset = time to onset   Tpeak,first = time to first peak   Tpeak,max = time to maximum peak

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