HOME SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES CARDIOSOURCE SEARCH HELP FEEDBACK		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Figures Only Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (42) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bax, J. J. Articles by Yu, C.-M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Bax, J. J. Articles by Yu, C.-M.

STATE-OF-THE-ART PAPER

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Part 2—Issues During and After Device Implantation and Unresolved Questions

Jeroen J. Bax, MD^_*,_*, Theodore Abraham, MD, FACC, S. Serge Barold, MD, FACC, Ole A. Breithardt, MD, Jeffrey W.H. Fung, MD^||, Stephane Garrigue, MD, PhD^¶, John Gorcsan, III, MD, FACC^#, David L. Hayes, MD, FACC^_**, David A. Kass, MD, Juhani Knuuti, MD, PhD, Christophe Leclercq, MD, PhD, Cecilia Linde, MD, PhD, Daniel B. Mark, MD, PhD, FACC^||||, Mark J. Monaghan, PhD^¶¶, Petros Nihoyannopoulos, MD, FRCP, FACC, FESC^_***, Martin J. Schalij, MD^_*, Christophe Stellbrink, MD and Cheuk-Man Yu, MD^||

^_* Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
University Klinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
^|| The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
^¶ Hopital cardiologique du Haut-Leveque, Pessac, France
^# University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
^_** Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
Turku PET Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Hopital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
^|||| Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
^¶¶ King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
^_*** Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Stadtische Kliniken Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany

Manuscript received May 2, 2005; revised manuscript received September 19, 2005, accepted September 19, 2005.

^_* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Jeroen J. Bax, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands. (Email: jbax{at}knoware.nl).

Encouraged by the clinical success of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the implantation rate has increased exponentially, although several limitations and unresolved issues of CRT have been identified. This review concerns issues that are encountered during implantation of CRT devices, including the role of electroanatomical mapping, whether CRT implantation should be accompanied by simultaneous atrioventricular nodal ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation, procedural complications, and when to consider surgical left ventricular lead positioning. Furthermore, (echocardiographic) CRT optimization and assessment of CRT benefits after implantation are highlighted. Also, controversial issues such as the potential value of CRT in patients with mild heart failure or narrow QRS complex are addressed. Finally, open questions concerning when to combine CRT with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and the cost-effectiveness of CRT are discussed.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   AF = atrial fibrillation   AV = atrioventricular   COMPANION = Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure   CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy   ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator   LBBB = left bundle branch block   LV = left ventricle/ventricular   LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction   MR = mitral regurgitation   MUSTIC = Multisite Simulation in Cardiomyopathies trial   NYHA = New York Heart Association   PET = positron emission tomography   QALY = quality adjusted life year   RV = right ventricle/ventricular   TDI = tissue Doppler imaging   VV = interventricular

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. H. Lim, G. Y.H. Lip, and J. E. Sanderson Ventricular optimization of biventricular pacing: a systematic review Europace, July 8, 2008; (2008) eun177v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Ferreira, P. Adragao, D. M. Cavaco, R. Candeias, F. B. Morgado, K. R. Santos, E. Santos, and J. A. Silva Benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy in atrial fibrillation patients vs. patients in sinus rhythm: the role of atrioventricular junction ablation Europace, July 1, 2008; 10(7): 809 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Brignole, D. Oddone, R. Maggi, G. Lupi, R. Bollini, S. Corallo, S. Robotti, A. Solano, P. Donateo, and F. Croci Resynchronization of the left ventricular contraction by tailored programming of right and left ventricular pacing Europace, April 1, 2008; 10(4): 489 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Zuber, S. Toggweiler, M. Roos, R. Kobza, P. Jamshidi, and P. Erne Comparison of different approaches for optimization of atrioventricular and interventricular delay in biventricular pacing Europace, March 1, 2008; 10(3): 367 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. P. Abraham, V. L. Dimaano, and H.-Y. Liang Role of Tissue Doppler and Strain Echocardiography in Current Clinical Practice Circulation, November 27, 2007; 116(22): 2597 - 2609. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. O'Brien, M. B. Srichai, E. M. Hecht, D. C. Kim, and J. E. Jacobs Anatomy of the Heart at Multidetector CT: What the Radiologist Needs to Know RadioGraphics, November 1, 2007; 27(6): 1569 - 1582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Sirker, M. Thomas, S. Baker, J. Shrimpton, S. Jewell, L. Lee, R. Rankin, V. Griffiths, N. Cooter, R. James, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: left or left-and-right for optimal symptomatic effect the LOLA ROSE study Europace, October 1, 2007; 9(10): 862 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Lim, C. Bars, L. Mitchell-Heggs, C. Roiron, N. Elbaz, B. Hamdaoui, N. Lellouche, J.-L. Dubois-Rande, and P. Gueret Importance of contractile reserve for CRT Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(9): 739 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Lee, C.-P. Lau, H.-F. Tse, D. S. Echt, D. Heaven, W. Smith, and M. Hood First Human Demonstration of Cardiac Stimulation With Transcutaneous Ultrasound Energy Delivery: Implications for Wireless Pacing With Implantable Devices J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 28, 2007; 50(9): 877 - 883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Henneman, J. Chen, P. Dibbets-Schneider, M. P. Stokkel, G. B. Bleeker, C. Ypenburg, E. E. van der Wall, M. J. Schalij, E. V. Garcia, and J. J. Bax Can LV Dyssynchrony as Assessed with Phase Analysis on Gated Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Predict Response to CRT? J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2007; 48(7): 1104 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W H Fung, J. Y S Chan, G. W K Yip, H. C K Chan, W. W L Chan, Q. Zhang, and C.-M. Yu Effect of left ventricular endocardial activation pattern on echocardiographic and clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy Heart, April 1, 2007; 93(4): 432 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Helm, M. Byrne, P. A. Helm, S. K. Daya, N. F. Osman, R. Tunin, H. R. Halperin, R. D. Berger, D. A. Kass, and A. C. Lardo Three-Dimensional Mapping of Optimal Left Ventricular Pacing Site for Cardiac Resynchronization Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 953 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M S. J. Sutton and M G Keane Reverse remodelling in heart failure with cardiac resynchronisation therapy Heart, February 1, 2007; 93(2): 167 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. A. Quinn, G. Berberian, S. E. Cabreriza, L. J. Maskin, A. D. Weinberg, J. W. Holmes, and H. M. Spotnitz Effects of sequential biventricular pacing during acute right ventricular pressure overload Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2380 - H2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Karhausen, M. Stockburger, W. Doehner, and S. D. Anker Questions in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Metabolic Implications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 591 - 592. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Bax Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 592 - 592. [Full Text] [PDF]

				O.-A. Breithardt and G. Breithardt Quest for the Best Candidate: How Much Imaging Do We Need Before Prescribing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy? Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 926 - 928. [Full Text] [PDF]