HOME SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES CARDIOSOURCE SEARCH HELP FEEDBACK		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Figures Only Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (15) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Pemberton, J. Articles by Sahn, D. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Pemberton, J. Articles by Sahn, D. J.

CLINICAL RESEARCH: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

The use of live three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in the measurement of cardiac output

An in vivo animal study

James Pemberton, MD^*, Xiaokui Li, MD^*, Tara Karamlou, MD, Chloe A. Sandquist, MD, Karl Thiele, PhD, Irving Shen, MD, Ross M. Ungerleider, MD, Antoinette Kenny, MD and David J. Sahn, MD, MACC^*,*

^{* *}Clinical Care Center for Congenital Heart Disease
Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Massachusetts
Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

Manuscript received August 18, 2004; revised manuscript received October 5, 2004, accepted October 12, 2004.

^* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. David J. Sahn, The Clinical Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L608, Portland, Oregon, 97239-3098 (Email: sahnd{at}ohsu.edu).

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cardiac output (CO) could be accurately computed from live three-dimensional (3-D) Doppler echocardiographic data in an acute open-chested animal preparation.

BACKGROUND: The accurate measurement of CO is important in both patient management and research. Current methods use invasive pulmonary artery catheters or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography or esophageal aortic Doppler measures, with the inherent risks and inaccuracies of these techniques.

METHODS: Seventeen juvenile, open-chested pigs were studied before undergoing a separate cardiopulmonary bypass procedure. Live 3-D Doppler echocardiography images of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve were obtained by epicardial scanning, using a Philips Medical Systems (Andover, Massachusetts) Sonos 7500 Live 3-D Echo system with a 2.5-MHz probe. Simultaneous CO measurements were obtained from an ultrasonic flow probe placed around the aortic root. Subsequent offline processing using custom software computed the CO from the digital 3-D Doppler DICOM data, and this was compared to the gold standard of the aortic flow probe measurements.

RESULTS: One hundred forty-three individual CO measurements were taken from 16 pigs, one being excluded because of severe aortic regurgitation. There was good correlation between the 3-D Doppler and flow probe methods of CO measurement (y = 1.1x – 9.82, R² = 0.93).

CONCLUSIONS: In this acute animal preparation, live 3-D Doppler echocardiographic data allowed for accurate assessment of CO as compared to the ultrasonic flow probe measurement.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   AV = aortic valve   CO = cardiac output   CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass   LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract   PW = pulse wave   2-D = two-dimensional   2-DE = two-dimensional echocardiography   3-D = three-dimensional   3-DE = three-dimensional echocardiography

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. K. Poh, R. A. Levine, J. Solis, L. Shen, M. Flaherty, Y.-J. Kang, J. L. Guerrero, and J. Hung Assessing aortic valve area in aortic stenosis by continuity equation: a novel approach using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography Eur. Heart J., February 9, 2008; (2008) ehn022v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Lang, V. Mor-Avi, L. Sugeng, P. S. Nieman, and D. J. Sahn Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: The Benefits of the Additional Dimension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 21, 2006; 48(10): 2053 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Fukuda, G. Saracino, Y. Matsumura, M. Daimon, H. Tran, N. L. Greenberg, T. Hozumi, J. Yoshikawa, J. D. Thomas, and T. Shiota Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Tricuspid Annulus in Healthy Subjects and in Patients With Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: A Real-Time, 3-Dimensional Echocardiographic Study Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1_suppl): I-492 - I-498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Weyman The Year in Echocardiography J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 21, 2006; 47(4): 856 - 863. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Pemberton, L. Hui, M. Young, X. Li, A. Kenny, and D. J. Sahn Accuracy of 3-Dimensional Color Doppler-Derived Flow Volumes With Increasing Image Depth J. Ultrasound Med., August 1, 2005; 24(8): 1109 - 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]