EXPEDITED REVIEW
Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction
Final one-year results of the TOPCARE-AMI Trial
Volker Schächinger, MD*,
Birgit Assmus, MD*,
Martina B. Britten, MD*,
Jörg Honold, MD*,
Ralf Lehmann, MD*,
Claudius Teupe, MD*,
Nasreddin D. Abolmaali, MD ,
Thomas J. Vogl, MD ,
Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, MD ,
Hans Martin, MD ,
Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD* and
Andreas M. Zeiher, MD*,*
* Department of Cardiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Radiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Hematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Manuscript received June 8, 2004;
revised manuscript received June 24, 2004,
accepted August 2, 2004.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Andreas M. Zeiher, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
(Email: zeiher{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de).
OBJECTIVES: The Transplantation of Progenitor Cells And Regeneration Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TOPCARE-AMI) trial investigates both safety, feasibility, and potential effects on parameters of myocardial function of intracoronary infusion of either circulating progenitor cells (CPC) or bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMC) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
BACKGROUND: In animal experiments, therapy with adult progenitor cells was shown to improve vascularization, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and contractility after AMI.
METHODS: A total of 59 patients with AMI were randomly assigned to receive either CPC (n = 30) or BMC (n = 29) into the infarct artery at 4.9 ± 1.5 days after AMI.
RESULTS: Intracoronary progenitor cell application did not incur any measurable ischemic myocardial damage, but one patient experienced distal embolization before cell therapy. During hospital follow-up, one patient in each cell group developed myocardial infarction; one of these patients died of cardiogenic shock. No further cardiovascular events, including ventricular arrhythmias or syncope, occurred during one-year follow-up. By quantitative LV angiography at four months, LV ejection fraction (EF) significantly increased (50 ± 10% to 58 ± 10%; p < 0.001), and end-systolic volumes significantly decreased (54 ± 19 ml to 44 ± 20 ml; p < 0.001), without differences between the two cell groups. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging after one year revealed an increased EF (p < 0.001), reduced infarct size (p < 0.001), and absence of reactive hypertrophy, suggesting functional regeneration of the infarcted ventricles.
CONCLUSIONS: Intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells (either BMC or CPC) is safe and feasible in patients after AMI successfully revascularized by stent implantation. Both the excellent safety profile and the observed favorable effects on LV remodeling, provide the rationale for larger randomized double-blind trials.
|
Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | AMI = acute myocardial infarction | | BMC = bone marrow-derived progenitor cells | | CPC = circulating progenitor cells | | EF = ejection fraction | | LAD = left anterior descending | | LV = left ventricular | | MI = myocardial infarction | | MRI = magnetic resonance imaging | | TOPCARE-AMI = Transplantation of Progenitor Cells And Regeneration Enhancement in Acute Myocardial Infarction trial |
|
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
A Ghodsizad, M Niehaus, G Kogler, U Martin, P Wernet, C Bara, N Khaladj, A Loos, M Makoui, J Thiele, et al.
Transplanted human cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells improve left-ventricular function and prevent left-ventricular dilation and scar formation after acute myocardial infarction
Heart,
January 1, 2009;
95(1):
27 - 35.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Kische, C. A. Nienaber, and H. Ince
Clinical view on experimental stem cell and cytokine research in cardiac disease
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
December 1, 2008;
10(suppl_K):
K2 - K6.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H. V. Huikuri, K. Kervinen, M. Niemela, K. Ylitalo, M. Saily, P. Koistinen, E.-R. Savolainen, H. Ukkonen, M. Pietila, J. K.E. Airaksinen, et al.
Effects of intracoronary injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells on left ventricular function, arrhythmia risk profile, and restenosis after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction
Eur. Heart J.,
November 2, 2008;
29(22):
2723 - 2732.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
N. Bonaros, H. Sondermejer, M. Schuster, R. Rauf, S.F. Wang, T. Seki, D. Skerrett, S. Itescu, and A.A. Kocher
CCR3- and CXCR4-mediated interactions regulate migration of CD34+ human bone marrow progenitors to ischemic myocardium and subsequent tissue repair.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.,
October 1, 2008;
136(4):
1044 - 1053.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. R. Coppen, S. Fukushima, Y. Shintani, K. Takahashi, A. Varela-Carver, H. Salem, K. Yashiro, M. H. Yacoub, and K. Suzuki
A Factor Underlying Late-Phase Arrhythmogenicity After Cell Therapy to the Heart: Global Downregulation of Connexin43 in the Host Myocardium After Skeletal Myoblast Transplantation
Circulation,
September 30, 2008;
118(14_suppl_1):
S138 - S144.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
T.-C. Hung, Y. Suzuki, T. Urashima, A. Caffarelli, G. Hoyt, A. Y. Sheikh, A. C. Yeung, I. Weissman, R. C. Robbins, J. M. Bulte, et al.
Multimodality Evaluation of the Viability of Stem Cells Delivered Into Different Zones of Myocardial Infarction
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,
July 1, 2008;
1(1):
6 - 13.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Q.-h. Tuo, H. Zeng, A. Stinnett, H. Yu, J. L. Aschner, D.-F. Liao, and J.-X. Chen
Critical role of angiopoietins/Tie-2 in hyperglycemic exacerbation of myocardial infarction and impaired angiogenesis
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
June 1, 2008;
294(6):
H2547 - H2557.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Zampetaki, J. P. Kirton, and Q. Xu
Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells
Cardiovasc Res,
June 1, 2008;
78(3):
413 - 421.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. Gerosa and C. d'Agostino
Cell therapy in ischemic settings: Fact and fiction.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.,
May 1, 2008;
135(5):
986 - 990.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H Ince, M Valgimigli, M Petzsch, J S. de Lezo, F Kuethe, S Dunkelmann, G Biondi-Zoccai, and C A Nienaber
Cardiovascular events and re-stenosis following administration of G-CSF in acute myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta-analysis
Heart,
May 1, 2008;
94(5):
610 - 616.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H-J Kang, Y-S Kim, B-K Koo, K W Park, H-Y Lee, D-W Sohn, B-H Oh, Y-B Park, and H-S Kim
Effects of stem cell therapy with G-CSF on coronary artery after drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Heart,
May 1, 2008;
94(5):
604 - 609.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. H. Schuleri, L. C. Amado, A. J. Boyle, M. Centola, A. P. Saliaris, M. R. Gutman, K. E. Hatzistergos, B. N. Oskouei, J. M. Zimmet, R. G. Young, et al.
Early improvement in cardiac tissue perfusion due to mesenchymal stem cells
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
May 1, 2008;
294(5):
H2002 - H2011.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Mieno, R. T. Clements, M. Boodhwani, N. R. Sodha, B. Ramlawi, C. Bianchi, and F. W. Sellke
Characteristics and Function of Cryopreserved Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Ann. Thorac. Surg.,
April 1, 2008;
85(4):
1361 - 1366.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. V Arom, P. Ruengsakulrach, and V. Jotisakulratana
Intramyocardial Angiogenic Cell Precursor Injection for Cardiomyopathy
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann,
April 1, 2008;
16(2):
143 - 148.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. K. Burt, Y. Loh, W. Pearce, N. Beohar, W. G. Barr, R. Craig, Y. Wen, J. A. Rapp, and J. Kessler
Clinical Applications of Blood-Derived and Marrow-Derived Stem Cells for Nonmalignant Diseases
JAMA,
February 27, 2008;
299(8):
925 - 936.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Dimmeler, J. Burchfield, and A. M. Zeiher
Cell-Based Therapy of Myocardial Infarction
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.,
February 1, 2008;
28(2):
208 - 216.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
I. George and M. C. Oz
Myocardial Revascularization after Acute Myocardial Infarction
Card. Surg. Adult,
January 1, 2008;
3(2008):
669 - 696.
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. A. Horvath and Y. Zhou
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization and Extravascular Angiogenetic Techniques to Increase Myocardial Blood Flow
Card. Surg. Adult,
January 1, 2008;
3(2008):
733 - 752.
[Full Text]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. J. Zhang and J. C. Wu
Comparison of Imaging Techniques for Tracking Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy
J. Nucl. Med.,
December 1, 2007;
48(12):
1916 - 1919.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Brunner, H. D. Theiss, A. Murr, T. Negele, and W.-M. Franz
Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with increased circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
December 1, 2007;
293(6):
E1670 - E1675.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. Cai, B. H. Johnstone, T. G. Cook, Z. Liang, D. Traktuev, K. Cornetta, D. A. Ingram, E. D. Rosen, and K. L. March
Suppression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Production Impairs the Ability of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Promote Ischemic Tissue Revascularization
Stem Cells,
December 1, 2007;
25(12):
3234 - 3243.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. J. Suuronen, J. Price, J. P. Veinot, K. Ascah, V. Kapila, X.-W. Guo, S. Wong, T. G. Mesana, and M. Ruel
Comparative effects of mesenchymal progenitor cells, endothelial progenitor cells, or their combination on myocardial infarct regeneration and cardiac function.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.,
November 1, 2007;
134(5):
1249 - 1258.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Tongers and D. W. Losordo
Frontiers in Nephrology: The Evolving Therapeutic Applications of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
November 1, 2007;
18(11):
2843 - 2852.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Fujita, M. Mori, H. Kawada, Y. Ieda, M. Tsuma, Y. Matsuzaki, H. Kawaguchi, T. Yagi, S. Yuasa, J. Endo, et al.
Administration of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor After Myocardial Infarction Enhances the Recruitment of Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Myofibroblasts and Contributes to Cardiac Repair
Stem Cells,
November 1, 2007;
25(11):
2750 - 2759.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. J. Lipinski, G. G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, A. Abbate, R. Khianey, I. Sheiban, J. Bartunek, M. Vanderheyden, H.-S. Kim, H.-J. Kang, B. E. Strauer, et al.
Impact of Intracoronary Cell Therapy on Left Ventricular Function in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Collaborative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 30, 2007;
50(18):
1761 - 1767.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Z. Li, J. C. Wu, A. Y. Sheikh, D. Kraft, F. Cao, X. Xie, M. Patel, S. S. Gambhir, R. C. Robbins, J. P. Cooke, et al.
Differentiation, Survival, and Function of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Endothelial Cells for Ischemic Heart Disease
Circulation,
September 11, 2007;
116(11_suppl):
I-46 - I-54.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. K. Singla, G. E. Lyons, and T. J. Kamp
Transplanted embryonic stem cells following mouse myocardial infarction inhibit apoptosis and cardiac remodeling
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
August 1, 2007;
293(2):
H1308 - H1314.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. M. Vartanian and R. Sarkar
Therapeutic Angiogenesis
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery,
July 1, 2007;
41(3):
173 - 185.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. K. Kissel, R. Lehmann, B. Assmus, A. Aicher, J. Honold, U. Fischer-Rasokat, C. Heeschen, I. Spyridopoulos, S. Dimmeler, and A. M. Zeiher
Selective Functional Exhaustion of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in the Bone Marrow of Patients With Postinfarction Heart Failure
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 19, 2007;
49(24):
2341 - 2349.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H.-F. Tse and C.-P. Lau
Therapeutic Angiogenesis With Bone Marrow--Derived Stem Cells
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
June 1, 2007;
12(2):
89 - 97.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Fukushima, A. Varela-Carver, S. R. Coppen, K. Yamahara, L. E. Felkin, J. Lee, P. J.R. Barton, C. M.N. Terracciano, M. H. Yacoub, and K. Suzuki
Direct Intramyocardial But Not Intracoronary Injection of Bone Marrow Cells Induces Ventricular Arrhythmias in a Rat Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure Model
Circulation,
May 1, 2007;
115(17):
2254 - 2261.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. J. Prockop and S. D. Olson
Clinical trials with adult stem/progenitor cells for tissue repair: let's not overlook some essential precautions
Blood,
April 15, 2007;
109(8):
3147 - 3151.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. L.M.A. Beeres, F. M. Bengel, J. Bartunek, D. E. Atsma, J. M. Hill, M. Vanderheyden, M. Penicka, M. J. Schalij, W. Wijns, and J. J. Bax
Role of Imaging in Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 20, 2007;
49(11):
1137 - 1148.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. G. Katritsis, P. Sotiropoulou, E. Giazitzoglou, E. Karvouni, and M. Papamichail
Electrophysiological effects of intracoronary transplantation of autologous mesenchymal and endothelial progenitor cells
Europace,
March 1, 2007;
9(3):
167 - 171.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Wisel, S. M. Chacko, M. L. Kuppusamy, R. P. Pandian, M. Khan, V. K. Kutala, R. W. Burry, B. Sun, P. Kwiatkowski, and P. Kuppusamy
Labeling of skeletal myoblasts with a novel oxygen-sensing spin probe for noninvasive monitoring of in situ oxygenation and cell therapy in heart
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
March 1, 2007;
292(3):
H1254 - H1261.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. Shantsila, T. Watson, and G. Y.H. Lip
Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Cardiovascular Disorders
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 20, 2007;
49(7):
741 - 752.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Kasama, T. Toyama, T. Hatori, H. Sumino, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, S. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, and M. Kurabayashi
Effects of Intravenous Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With First Anterior Acute Myocardial Infarction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 13, 2007;
49(6):
667 - 674.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Miguel-Dasit, L. Marti-Bonmati, P. Sanfeliu, and R. Aleixandre
Cardiac MR Imaging: Balanced Publication by Radiologists and Cardiologists
Radiology,
February 1, 2007;
242(2):
410 - 416.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. H. Walter, U. Rochwalsky, J. Reinhold, F. Seeger, A. Aicher, C. Urbich, I. Spyridopoulos, J. Chun, V. Brinkmann, P. Keul, et al.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Stimulates the Functional Capacity of Progenitor Cells by Activation of the CXCR4-Dependent Signaling Pathway via the S1P3 Receptor
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.,
February 1, 2007;
27(2):
275 - 282.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Aicher, C. Heeschen, K.-i. Sasaki, C. Urbich, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler
Low-Energy Shock Wave for Enhancing Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A New Modality to Increase Efficacy of Cell Therapy in Chronic Hind Limb Ischemia
Circulation,
December 19, 2006;
114(25):
2823 - 2830.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. J. Gibbons, P. A. Araoz, and E. E. Williamson
The Year in Cardiac Imaging
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
December 5, 2006;
48(11):
2324 - 2339.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. Assmus, D. H. Walter, R. Lehmann, J. Honold, H. Martin, S. Dimmeler, A. M. Zeiher, and V. Schachinger
Intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells is not associated with aggravated restenosis development or atherosclerotic disease progression in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Eur. Heart J.,
December 2, 2006;
27(24):
2989 - 2995.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. D. Moelker, T. Baks, E.J. van den Bos, R.J. van Geuns, P.J. de Feyter, D. J. Duncker, and W.J. van der Giessen
Reduction in infarct size, but no functional improvement after bone marrow cell administration in a porcine model of reperfused myocardial infarction
Eur. Heart J.,
December 2, 2006;
27(24):
3057 - 3064.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
V. Schachinger, S. Erbs, A. Elsasser, W. Haberbosch, R. Hambrecht, H. Holschermann, J. Yu, R. Corti, D. G. Mathey, C. W. Hamm, et al.
Improved clinical outcome after intracoronary administration of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction: final 1-year results of the REPAIR-AMI trial
Eur. Heart J.,
December 1, 2006;
27(23):
2775 - 2783.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. L. Sanchez, A. Villa, J. A. San Roman, T. Cantero, M. E. Fernandez, and F. Fernandez-Aviles
Percutaneous bone-marrow-derived cell transplantation: clinical observations
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
December 1, 2006;
8(suppl_H):
H23 - H31.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. Steinhoff, Y.-H. Choi, and C. Stamm
Intramyocardial bone marrow stem cell treatment for myocardial regeneration
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
December 1, 2006;
8(suppl_H):
H32 - H39.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H. Ince, T. C. Rehders, S. Kische, S. Drawert, E. Adolf, T. Kleinfeldt, M. Petzsch, and C. A. Nienaber
G-CSF in the setting of acute myocardial infarction
Eur. Heart J. Suppl.,
December 1, 2006;
8(suppl_H):
H40 - H45.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Kuwana, Y. Okazaki, H. Kodama, T. Satoh, Y. Kawakami, and Y. Ikeda
Endothelial Differentiation Potential of Human Monocyte-Derived Multipotential Cells
Stem Cells,
December 1, 2006;
24(12):
2733 - 2743.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. Shepherd, B. J. Capoccia, S. M. Devine, J. DiPersio, K. M. Trinkaus, D. Ingram, and D. C. Link
Angiogenic cells can be rapidly mobilized and efficiently harvested from the blood following treatment with AMD3100
Blood,
December 1, 2006;
108(12):
3662 - 3667.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. C. Amado, K. H. Schuleri, A. P. Saliaris, A. J. Boyle, R. Helm, B. Oskouei, M. Centola, V. Eneboe, R. Young, J. A.C. Lima, et al.
Multimodality Noninvasive Imaging Demonstrates In Vivo Cardiac Regeneration After Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 21, 2006;
48(10):
2116 - 2124.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. Zhou, P. D. Acton, and V. A. Ferrari
Imaging Stem Cells Implanted in Infarcted Myocardium
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 21, 2006;
48(10):
2094 - 2106.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
| |