NCEP REPORT
Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines
Scott M. Grundy,
James I. Cleeman,
C. Noel Bairey Merz,
H. Bryan Brewer, Jr,
Luther T. Clark,
Donald B. Hunninghake*,
Richard C. Pasternak,
Sidney C. Smith, Jr,
Neil J. Stone Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American College of Cardiology Foundation, and American Heart Association, USA
The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program issued an evidence-based set of guidelines on cholesterol management in 2001. Since the publication of ATP III, 5 major clinical trials of statin therapy with clinical end points have been published. These trials addressed issues that were not examined in previous clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering therapy. The present document reviews the results of these recent trials and assesses their implications for cholesterol management. Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) remain an essential modality in clinical management. The trials confirm the benefit of cholesterol-lowering therapy in high-risk patients and support the ATP III treatment goal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <100 mg/dL. They support the inclusion of patients with diabetes in the high-risk category and confirm the benefits of LDL-lowering therapy in these patients. They further confirm that older persons benefit from therapeutic lowering of LDL-C. The major recommendations for modifications to footnote the ATP III treatment algorithm are the following. In high-risk persons, the recommended LDL-C goal is <100 mg/dL, but when risk is very high, an LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is a therapeutic option, ie, a reasonable clinical strategy, on the basis of available clinical trial evidence. This therapeutic option extends also to patients at very high risk who have a baseline LDL-C <100 mg/dL. Moreover, when a high-risk patient has high triglycerides or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), consideration can be given to combining a fibrate or nicotinic acid with an LDL-lowering drug. For moderately high-risk persons (2+ risk factors and 10-year risk 10% to 20%), the recommended LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL, but an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option on the basis of recent trial evidence. The latter option extends also to moderately high-risk persons with a baseline LDL-C of 100 to 129 mg/dL. When LDL-lowering drug therapy is employed in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is advised that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve at least a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels. Moreover, any person at high risk or moderately high risk who has lifestyle-related risk factors (eg, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL-C, or metabolic syndrome) is a candidate for TLC to modify these risk factors regardless of LDL-C level. Finally, for people in lower-risk categories, recent clinical trials do not modify the goals and cutpoints of therapy.
Key Words: cholesterol • trials • lipoproteins • coronary disease
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
F. A. Jaffer
Assessing niacin as an atherosclerosis therapeutic agent valuable insights provided by high-resolution vascular magnetic resonance imaging.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 3, 2009;
54(19):
1795 - 1796.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kapa, D. J. Tester, B. A. Salisbury, C. Harris-Kerr, M. S. Pungliya, M. Alders, A. A.M. Wilde, and M. J. Ackerman
Genetic Testing for Long-QT Syndrome: Distinguishing Pathogenic Mutations From Benign Variants
Circulation,
November 3, 2009;
120(18):
1752 - 1760.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hata, T. Takayama, A. Sezai, I. Yoshitake, A. Hirayama, and K. Minami
Efficacy of aggressive lipid controlling therapy for preventing saphenous vein graft disease.
Ann. Thorac. Surg.,
November 1, 2009;
88(5):
1440 - 1444.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Le Melledo, K Mailo, N Lara, M. Abadia, L Gil, M Van Ameringen, G Baker, and J Perez-Parada
Paroxetine-induced increase in LDL cholesterol levels
J Psychopharmacol,
September 1, 2009;
23(7):
826 - 830.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Parish, R. Peto, A. Palmer, R. Clarke, S. Lewington, A. Offer, G. Whitlock, S. Clark, L. Youngman, P. Sleight, et al.
The joint effects of apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol on risk: 3510 cases of acute myocardial infarction and 9805 controls
Eur. Heart J.,
September 1, 2009;
30(17):
2137 - 2146.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Waters, C. Brotons, C.-W. Chiang, J. Ferrieres, J. Foody, J. W. Jukema, R. D. Santos, J. Verdejo, M. Messig, R. McPherson, et al.
Lipid Treatment Assessment Project 2: A Multinational Survey to Evaluate the Proportion of Patients Achieving Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals
Circulation,
July 7, 2009;
120(1):
28 - 34.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Mestek
Physical Activity, Blood Lipids, and Lipoproteins
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine,
July 1, 2009;
3(4):
279 - 283.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-C. Diener and C. Weimar
Update of secondary stroke prevention
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.,
June 1, 2009;
24(6):
1718 - 1724.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, K. Michl, et al.
2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 14, 2009;
53(15):
e1 - e90.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, et al.
2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation
Circulation,
April 14, 2009;
119(14):
e391 - e479.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Golledge, P. S. Tsao, R. L. Dalman, and P. E. Norman
Circulating Markers of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Presence and Progression
Circulation,
December 2, 2008;
118(23):
2382 - 2392.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rosenfield and M. R. Jaff
An 82-Year-Old Woman With Worsening Hypertension: Review of Renal Artery Stenosis
JAMA,
November 5, 2008;
300(17):
2036 - 2044.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Erbel, J. A.C. Delaney, N. Lehmann, R. L. McClelland, S. Mohlenkamp, R. A. Kronmal, A. Schmermund, S. Moebus, N. Dragano, A. Stang, et al.
Signs of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in relation to risk factor distribution in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR)
Eur. Heart J.,
November 2, 2008;
29(22):
2782 - 2791.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Emery, E Keystone, H P Tony, A Cantagrel, R van Vollenhoven, A Sanchez, E Alecock, J Lee, and J Kremer
IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial
Ann Rheum Dis,
November 1, 2008;
67(11):
1516 - 1523.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Rosenzweig, E. Ferrannini, S. M. Grundy, S. M. Haffner, R. J. Heine, E. S. Horton, and R. Kawamori
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Patients at Metabolic Risk: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2008;
93(10):
3671 - 3689.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Orasanu, O. Ziouzenkova, P. R. Devchand, V. Nehra, O. Hamdy, E. S. Horton, and J. Plutzky
The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist Pioglitazone Represses Inflammation in a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha}-Dependent Manner In Vitro and In Vivo in Mice
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 2, 2008;
52(10):
869 - 881.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. KATAKAM, K. BRUKAMP, and R. R. TOWNSEND
What is the proper workup of a patient with hypertension?
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine,
September 1, 2008;
75(9):
663 - 672.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Henkin
Re-Evaluating Therapeutic Target Goals for Statin-Treated Patients: Time for Revolutionary Changes?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
August 19, 2008;
52(8):
633 - 635.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. D. Filippatos and D. P. Mikhailidis
Statins and Heart Failure
Angiology,
August 1, 2008;
59(2_suppl):
58S - 61S.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. Chatila, B. M. Thomashow, O. A. Minai, G. J. Criner, and B. J. Make
Comorbidities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS,
May 1, 2008;
5(4):
549 - 555.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Armitage
Commentary on NICE technology appraisal guidance on ezetimibe for the treatment of primary (heterozygous-familial and non-familial) hypercholesterolaemia
Heart,
May 1, 2008;
94(5):
643 - 645.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Miller
Lipid Levels in the Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Setting: Destabilizing Another Myth?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 15, 2008;
51(15):
1446 - 1447.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Taylor, J. Bindeman, I. Feuerstein, T. Le, K. Bauer, C. Byrd, H. Wu, and P. G. O'Malley
Community-Based Provision of Statin and Aspirin After the Detection of Coronary Artery Calcium Within a Community-Based Screening Cohort
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 8, 2008;
51(14):
1337 - 1341.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Nissen, S. J. Nicholls, K. Wolski, J. Rodes-Cabau, C. P. Cannon, J. E. Deanfield, J.-P. Despres, J. J. P. Kastelein, S. R. Steinhubl, S. Kapadia, et al.
Effect of Rimonabant on Progression of Atherosclerosis in Patients With Abdominal Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease: The STRADIVARIUS Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA,
April 2, 2008;
299(13):
1547 - 1560.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Goldberg and T. A. Jacobson
Effects of Niacin on Glucose Control in Patients With Dyslipidemia
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
April 1, 2008;
83(4):
470 - 478.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Miller, C. P. Cannon, S. A. Murphy, J. Qin, K. K. Ray, E. Braunwald, and for the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators
Impact of Triglyceride Levels Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol After Acute Coronary Syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Trial.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
February 19, 2008;
51(7):
724 - 730.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Wienbergen, J. Senges, and A. K. Gitt
Should We Prescribe Statin and Aspirin for Every Diabetic Patient?: Is it time for a polypill?
Diabetes Care,
February 1, 2008;
31(Supplement_2):
S222 - S225.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Afilalo, G. Duque, R. Steele, J. W. Jukema, A. J.M. de Craen, and M. J. Eisenberg
Statins for secondary prevention in elderly patients: a hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 1, 2008;
51(1):
37 - 45.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Newcomer and C. H. Hennekens
Severe Mental Illness and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
JAMA,
October 17, 2007;
298(15):
1794 - 1796.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Barter, A. M. Gotto, J. C. LaRosa, J. Maroni, M. Szarek, S. M. Grundy, J. J.P. Kastelein, V. Bittner, J.-C. Fruchart, and the Treating to New Targets Investigators
HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events
N. Engl. J. Med.,
September 27, 2007;
357(13):
1301 - 1310.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Afilalo, A. A Majdan, and M. J Eisenberg
Intensive statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary heart disease: a comparative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Heart,
August 1, 2007;
93(8):
914 - 921.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sethi and C. D. Collard
Perioperative Statin Therapy: Are Formal Guidelines and Physician Education Needed?
Anesth. Analg.,
June 1, 2007;
104(6):
1322 - 1324.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Kontos, S. E. Joyner, C. S. Roberts, F. P. Anderson, J. P. Ornato, J. L. Tatum, and R. L. Jesse
Implication of the New Low-Density Lipoprotein Goals in Dyslipidemia Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
May 1, 2007;
82(5):
551 - 555.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Sola, G. Godas, J. Ribalta, J.-C. Vallve, J. Girona, A. Anguera, M. Ostos, D. Recalde, J. Salazar, M. Caslake, et al.
Effects of soluble fiber (Plantago ovata husk) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in men with ischemic heart disease
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,
April 1, 2007;
85(4):
1157 - 1163.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Strazzullo, S. M. Kerry, A. Barbato, M. Versiero, L. D'Elia, and F. P. Cappuccio
Do Statins Reduce Blood Pressure?: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Hypertension,
April 1, 2007;
49(4):
792 - 798.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Piorkowski, S. Fischer, C. Stellbaum, M. Jaster, P. Martus, A. J. Morguet, H.-P. Schultheiss, and U. Rauch
Treatment With Ezetimibe Plus Low-Dose Atorvastatin Compared With Higher-Dose Atorvastatin Alone: Is Sufficient Cholesterol-Lowering Enough to Inhibit Platelets?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 13, 2007;
49(10):
1035 - 1042.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Capuzzi and J. S. Freeman
C-Reactive Protein and Cardiovascular Risk in the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: Controversy and Challenge
Clin. Diabetes,
January 1, 2007;
25(1):
16 - 22.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.-E. W. Kavey, V. Allada, S. R. Daniels, L. L. Hayman, B. W. McCrindle, J. W. Newburger, R. S. Parekh, and J. Steinberger
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in High-Risk Pediatric Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics
Circulation,
December 12, 2006;
114(24):
2710 - 2738.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Cohen
Genetic Approaches to Coronary Heart Disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 27, 2006;
48(9_Suppl_A):
A10 - A14.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Paramsothy and R. Knopp
Management of dyslipidaemias.
Heart,
October 1, 2006;
92(10):
1529 - 1534.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Molitch
Management of Dyslipidemias in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
September 1, 2006;
1(5):
1090 - 1099.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Pearson, M. A. Denke, P. E. McBride, W. P. Battisti, R. A. Gazzara, W. E. Brady, and J. Palmisano
Effectiveness of Ezetimibe Added to Ongoing Statin Therapy in Modifying Lipid Profiles and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goal Attainment in Patients of Different Races and Ethnicities: A Substudy of the Ezetimibe Add-On to Statin for Effectiveness Trial
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
September 1, 2006;
81(9):
1177 - 1185.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, K. Fox, M. A. A. Garcia, D. Ardissino, P. Buszman, P. G. Camici, F. Crea, C. Daly, G. De Backer, P. Hjemdahl, et al.
Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology
Eur. Heart J.,
June 1, 2006;
27(11):
1341 - 1381.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Nissen, S. J. Nicholls, I. Sipahi, P. Libby, J. S. Raichlen, C. M. Ballantyne, J. Davignon, R. Erbel, J. C. Fruchart, J.-C. Tardif, et al.
Effect of Very High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis: The ASTEROID Trial
JAMA,
April 5, 2006;
295(13):
1556 - 1565.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Wiviott, J. A. de Lemos, C. P. Cannon, M. Blazing, S. A. Murphy, C. H. McCabe, R. Califf, and E. Braunwald
A Tale of Two Trials: A Comparison of the Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Lipid-Lowering Trials A to Z and PROVE IT-TIMI 22
Circulation,
March 21, 2006;
113(11):
1406 - 1414.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Marso and W. R. Hiatt
Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Diabetes
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 7, 2006;
47(5):
921 - 929.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Goff Jr, A. G. Bertoni, H. Kramer, D. Bonds, R. S. Blumenthal, M. Y. Tsai, and B. M. Psaty
Dyslipidemia Prevalence, Treatment, and Control in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): Gender, Ethnicity, and Coronary Artery Calcium
Circulation,
February 7, 2006;
113(5):
647 - 656.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Dobard, S. D. Brouse, and M. J. Shah
Attainment of cholesterol guidelines in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm.,
February 1, 2006;
63(3):
212 - 214.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Freeman
Statins, cholesterol, and the prevention of coronary heart disease
FASEB J,
February 1, 2006;
20(2):
200 - 201.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-H. Lee and J. Plutzky
Liver X Receptor Activation and High-Density Lipoprotein Biology: A Reversal of Fortune?
Circulation,
January 3, 2006;
113(1):
5 - 8.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Telford, S. M. Lipson, P. H. R. Barrett, B. G. Sutherland, J. Y. Edwards, J. D. Aebi, H. Dehmlow, O. H. Morand, and M. W. Huff
A Novel Inhibitor of Oxidosqualene:Lanosterol Cyclase Inhibits Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) Production and Enhances Low-Density Lipoprotein ApoB100 Catabolism Through Marked Reduction in Hepatic Cholesterol Content
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,
December 1, 2005;
25(12):
2608 - 2614.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Wiviott, C. P. Cannon, D. A. Morrow, K. K. Ray, M. A. Pfeffer, E. Braunwald, and for the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators
Can Low-Density Lipoprotein Be Too Low? The Safety and Efficacy of Achieving Very Low Low-Density Lipoprotein With Intensive Statin Therapy: A PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Substudy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 18, 2005;
46(8):
1411 - 1416.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Developed in Collaboration With the American Colle, Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, et al.
ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 20, 2005;
46(6):
1116 - 1143.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, K. Michl, et al.
ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society
Circulation,
September 20, 2005;
112(12):
1825 - 1852.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Abuissa, P. G. Jones, S. P. Marso, and J. H. O'Keefe Jr
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
September 6, 2005;
46(5):
821 - 826.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Raggi, M. Davidson, T. Q. Callister, F. K. Welty, G. A. Bachmann, H. Hecht, and J. A. Rumberger
Aggressive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Postmenopausal Women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering With EBT Scanning (BELLES)
Circulation,
July 26, 2005;
112(4):
563 - 571.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H.K. Vogel, S. F. Bolling, R. B. Costello, E. M. Guarneri, M. W. Krucoff, J. C. Longhurst, B. Olshansky, K. R. Pelletier, C. M. Tracy, R. A. Vogel, et al.
Integrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (Writing Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Complementary and Integrative Medicine)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
July 5, 2005;
46(1):
184 - 221.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Abrams
Chronic Stable Angina
N. Engl. J. Med.,
June 16, 2005;
352(24):
2524 - 2533.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Hurley and W. L. Isley
Getting There: Statin Plus Ezetimibe for Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals
Mayo Clin. Proc.,
May 1, 2005;
80(5):
585 - 586.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lipid and blood pressure control reduce CVD risk
DOC News,
April 1, 2005;
2(4):
5 - 5.
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Williams
Recent hypertension trials: Implications and controversies
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 15, 2005;
45(6):
813 - 827.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. O'Keefe Jr, L. Cordain, W. H. Harris, R. M. Moe, and R. Vogel
Optimal lipids, statins, and dementia: Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
March 15, 2005;
45(6):
964 - 965.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Walldius and I. Jungner
Rationale for using apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I as indicators of cardiac risk and as targets for lipid-lowering therapy
Eur. Heart J.,
February 1, 2005;
26(3):
210 - 212.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Gluckman, M. Sachdev, S. P. Schulman, and R. S. Blumenthal
A Simplified Approach to the Management of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
JAMA,
January 19, 2005;
293(3):
349 - 357.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
