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Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension

Gerald Simonneau, MD^*,*, Nazzareno Galiè, MD, Lewis J. Rubin, MD, David Langleben, MD, Werner Seeger, MD^||, Guido Domenighetti, MD^¶, Simon Gibbs, MD, Didier Lebrec, MD^**, Rudolf Speich, MD, Maurice Beghetti, MD, Stuart Rich, MD and Alfred Fishman, MD^||||

^* Department of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, University of Paris Sud, Paris, France
Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
^|| Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
^¶ Department of Intensive Care and Pneumology, Regional Hospital of Locarno, Locarno, Switzerland
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
^** Department of Hepatology, INSERM U481, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Children's University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Center for Pulmonary Heart Disease, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
^|||| University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Manuscript received January 28, 2004; revised manuscript received February 13, 2004, accepted February 23, 2004.

^* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Gerald Simonneau, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, 157 rue de la Porte de Trivaux, 92141 Clamart, France.
gerald.simonneau{at}abc.ap-hop-paris.fr

In 1998, during the Second World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) held in Evian, France, a clinical classification of PH was proposed. The aim of the Evian classification was to individualize different categories sharing similarities in pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and therapeutic options. The Evian classification is now well accepted and widely used in clinical practice, especially in specialized centers. In addition, this classification has been used by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for Drug Evaluation for the labeling of newly approved medications in PH. In 2003, during the Third World Symposium on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension held in Venice, Italy, it was decided to maintain the general architecture and philosophy of the Evian classification. However, some modifications have been proposed, mainly to abandon the term "primary pulmonary hypertension" and to replace it with "idiopathic pulmonary hypertension"; to reclassify pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis; to update risk factors and associated conditions for pulmonary arterial hypertension and to propose guidelines in order to improve the classification of congenital systemic-to-pulmonary shunts.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   ALK1 = activin-receptor-like kinase-1   APAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension related to risk factors or associated conditions   BMPR2 = bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II   FPAH = familial pulmonary arterial hypertension   IPAH = idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension   PAH = pulmonary arterial hypertension   PCH = pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis   PH = pulmonary hypertension   PPH = primary pulmonary hypertension   PVOD = pulmonary veno-occlusive disease   TGF-ß = transforming growth factor-ß

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				D. R. Stewart, J. D. Cogan, M. R. Kramer, W. T. Miller Jr, L. E. Christiansen, M. W. Pauciulo, L. M. Messiaen, G. S. Tu, W. H. Thompson, R. E. Pyeritz, et al. Is Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Secondary to a Plexogenic Arteriopathy? Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3): 798 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Li, R. E. Safford, J. F. Aduen, M. G. Heckman, J. E. Crook, and C. D. Burger Pulmonary Hypertension and Thyroid Disease Chest, September 1, 2007; 132(3): 793 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Masri, W. Xu, S. A. A. Comhair, K. Asosingh, M. Koo, A. Vasanji, J. Drazba, B. Anand-Apte, and S. C. Erzurum Hyperproliferative apoptosis-resistant endothelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): L548 - L554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Smith, M. De Pauw, G. Brusselle, J. Van Praet, and F. De Keyser Re: Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases Rheumatology, September 1, 2007; 46(9): 1510 - 1510. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Date, K. F. Kusano, H. Matsubara, A. Ogawa, H. Fujio, K. Miyaji, M. Okazaki, M. Yamane, S. Toyooka, M. Aoe, et al. Living-Donor Lobar Lung Transplantation for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension After Failure of Epoprostenol Therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 523 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Reesink, I. I. Tulevski, J. T. Marcus, F. Boomsma, J. J. Kloek, A. Vonk Noordegraaf, and P. Bresser Brain Natriuretic Peptide as Noninvasive Marker of the Severity of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2007; 84(2): 537 - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Humbert, N. Khaltaev, J. Bousquet, and R. Souza Pulmonary Hypertension: From an Orphan Disease to a Public Health Problem Chest, August 1, 2007; 132(2): 365 - 367. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Hoeper and F. Laenger Challenging cases in PH Eur. Respir. Rev., August 1, 2007; 16(102): 19 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-C. Lai, H.-C. Lai, K.-Y. Wang, W.-L. Lee, C.-T. Ting, and T.-J. Liu Severe pulmonary hypertension complicates postoperative outcome of non-cardiac surgery Br. J. Anaesth., August 1, 2007; 99(2): 184 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Humbert The burden of pulmonary hypertension Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2007; 30(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Peacock, N. F. Murphy, J. J. V. McMurray, L. Caballero, and S. Stewart An epidemiological study of pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2007; 30(1): 104 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. V. McLaughlin and R. Channick Sickle Cell Disease-associated Pulmonary Hypertension: A Coat of Many Colors Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 15, 2007; 175(12): 1218 - 1219. [Full Text] [PDF]