JACC
HOME SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES CARDIOSOURCE SEARCH HELP FEEDBACK
 QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     


J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004; 43:2142-2146, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.046
© 2004 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation
This Article
Right arrow Figures Only
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by O'Keefe, J. H.
Right arrow Articles by Vogel, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by O'Keefe, J. H., Jr
Right arrow Articles by Vogel, R.

EXPEDITED REVIEW

Optimal low-density lipoprotein is 50 to 70 mg/dl

Lower is better and physiologically normal

James H. O'Keefe, Jr, MD*,*, Loren Cordain, PhD{dagger}, William H. Harris, PhD*, Richard M. Moe, MD, PhD* and Robert Vogel, MD{ddagger}

* Mid America Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Consultants, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
{dagger} Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
{ddagger} University of Maryland, University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Manuscript received March 14, 2004; accepted March 15, 2004.

* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. James H. O'Keefe, Jr., Mid America Heart Institute, Cardiovascular Consultants, 4330 Wornall Road, Suite 2000, Kansas City, Missouri 64111, USA.
jhokeefe{at}cc-pc.com

The normal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol range is 50 to 70 mg/dl for native hunter-gatherers, healthy human neonates, free-living primates, and other wild mammals (all of whom do not develop atherosclerosis). Randomized trial data suggest atherosclerosis progression and coronary heart disease events are minimized when LDL is lowered to <70 mg/dl. No major safety concerns have surfaced in studies that lowered LDL to this range of 50 to 70 mg/dl. The current guidelines setting the target LDL at 100 to 115 mg/dl may lead to substantial undertreatment in high-risk individuals.

Abbreviations and Acronyms
  CHD = coronary heart disease
  LDL = low density lipoprotein
  NCEP-ATP-III = Natural Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel-III




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
CirculationHome page
D. Steinberg, C. K. Glass, and J. L. Witztum
Evidence Mandating Earlier and More Aggressive Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Circulation, August 5, 2008; 118(6): 672 - 677.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
E. R. Mohler III, C. M. Ballantyne, M. H. Davidson, M. Hanefeld, L. M. Ruilope, J. L. Johnson, A. Zalewski, and for the Darapladib Investigators
The Effect of Darapladib on Plasma Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent: The Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 29, 2008; 51(17): 1632 - 1641.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. D. Brunzell, M. Davidson, C. D. Furberg, R. B. Goldberg, B. V. Howard, J. H. Stein, and J. L. Witztum
Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk: Consensus Conference Report From the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 15, 2008; 51(15): 1512 - 1524.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Diabetes CareHome page
J. D. Brunzell, M. Davidson, C. D. Furberg, R. B. Goldberg, B. V. Howard, J. H. Stein, and J. L. Witztum
Lipoprotein Management in Patients With Cardiometabolic Risk: Consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2008; 31(4): 811 - 822.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CMAJHome page
K. Josan MD, S. R. Majumdar MD MPH, and F. A. McAlister MD MSc
The efficacy and safety of intensive statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials
Can. Med. Assoc. J., February 26, 2008; 178(5): 576 - 584.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
H. R. Superko and S. King III
Lipid Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A New Strategy Is Required
Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): 560 - 568.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
D. M Shavelle
Long term medical treatment of stable coronary disease
Heart, November 1, 2007; 93(11): 1473 - 1477.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. O. Mudd, B. A. Borlaug, P. V. Johnston, B. G. Kral, R. Rouf, R. S. Blumenthal, and P. O. Kwiterovich Jr
Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Defining the Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Heterogeneity in Coronary Artery Disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 30, 2007; 50(18): 1735 - 1741.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Circ. Res.Home page
M. Barton, R. Minotti, and E. Haas
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
Circ. Res., October 12, 2007; 101(8): 750 - 751.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
M. J. Domanski
Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease
N. Engl. J. Med., October 11, 2007; 357(15): 1543 - 1545.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
J. Afilalo, A. A Majdan, and M. J Eisenberg
Intensive statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary heart disease: a comparative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Heart, August 1, 2007; 93(8): 914 - 921.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Fontana, D. T. Villareal, E. P. Weiss, S. B. Racette, K. Steger-May, S. Klein, J. O. Holloszy, and and the Washington University School of Medicine C
Calorie restriction or exercise: effects on coronary heart disease risk factors. A randomized, controlled trial
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E197 - E202.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
L. Fontana and S. Klein
Aging, Adiposity, and Calorie Restriction
JAMA, March 7, 2007; 297(9): 986 - 994.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Nutr.Home page
H. E. Rasmussen, D. M. Guderian Jr., C. A. Wray, P. H. Dussault, V. L. Schlegel, and T. P. Carr
Reduction in Cholesterol Absorption Is Enhanced by Stearate-Enriched Plant Sterol Esters in Hamsters
J. Nutr., November 1, 2006; 136(11): 2722 - 2727.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular DiseaseHome page
L. Izzat
The MERCURY II trial: benefits of rosuvastatin
The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, July 1, 2006; 6(4): 171 - 176.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J. Lipid Res.Home page
D. Steinberg
Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy, part V: The discovery of the statins and the end of the controversy
J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2006; 47(7): 1339 - 1351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
A. Schmermund, S. Achenbach, T. Budde, Y. Buziashvili, A. Forster, G. Friedrich, M. Henein, G. Kerkhoff, F. Knollmann, V. Kukharchuk, et al.
Effect of Intensive Versus Standard Lipid-Lowering Treatment With Atorvastatin on the Progression of Calcified Coronary Atherosclerosis Over 12 Months: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial
Circulation, January 24, 2006; 113(3): 427 - 437.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
L. F. Rodrigues de Avila, J. L. Fernandes, C. E. Rochitte, G. G. Cerri, and J. P. Filho
Perfusion Impairment in Patients with Normal-appearing Coronary Arteries: Identification with Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging
Radiology, December 21, 2005; (2005) 2382041697.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. D. Wiviott, C. P. Cannon, D. A. Morrow, K. K. Ray, M. A. Pfeffer, E. Braunwald, and for the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators
Can Low-Density Lipoprotein Be Too Low? The Safety and Efficacy of Achieving Very Low Low-Density Lipoprotein With Intensive Statin Therapy: A PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Substudy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 18, 2005; 46(8): 1411 - 1416.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Nutr.Home page
T. P. Carr, C. L. Weller, V. L. Schlegel, S. L. Cuppett, D. M. Guderian Jr., and K. R. Johnson
Grain Sorghum Lipid Extract Reduces Cholesterol Absorption and Plasma Non-HDL Cholesterol Concentration in Hamsters
J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2236 - 2240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
QJMHome page
H.T. Ong
The statin studies: from targeting hypercholesterolaemia to targeting the high-risk patient
QJM, August 1, 2005; 98(8): 599 - 614.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Clendenning
The Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Is 50 to 70 mg/dl
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1732 - 1732.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. H. O'Keefe Jr, L. Cordain, W. H. Harris, R. M. Moe, and R. Vogel
Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1732 - 1732.
[Full Text]


Home page
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
I. S. Nash
Aim Low
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2005; 60(5): 599 - 600.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
A. Zalewski and C. Macphee
Role of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Atherosclerosis: Biology, Epidemiology, and Possible Therapeutic Target
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 25(5): 923 - 931.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Lipid Res.Home page
J. J. Repa, S. D. Turley, G. Quan, and J. M. Dietschy
Delineation of molecular changes in intrahepatic cholesterol metabolism resulting from diminished cholesterol absorption
J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2005; 46(4): 779 - 789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
B. Williams
Recent hypertension trials: Implications and controversies
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 2005; 45(6): 813 - 827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
C. J. Lavie and R. V. Milani
Optimal lipids, statins, and dementia
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 2005; 45(6): 963 - 964.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. H. O'Keefe Jr, L. Cordain, W. H. Harris, R. M. Moe, and R. Vogel
Optimal lipids, statins, and dementia: Reply
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 2005; 45(6): 964 - 965.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
C. J. Pepine
What Is the Optimal Blood Pressure and Drug Therapy for Patients With Coronary Artery Disease?
JAMA, November 10, 2004; 292(18): 2271 - 2273.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Journal Watch CardiologyHome page
The Optimal LDL Level: A Broad View
Journal Watch Cardiology, August 6, 2004; 2004(806): 6 - 6.
[Full Text]




HOME SUBSCRIPTIONS CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES CARDIOSOURCE SEARCH HELP FEEDBACK
Copyright © 2004 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.