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CLINICAL RESEARCH: PULMONARY VASCULAR DISORDERS

Primary pulmonary hypertension may be a heterogeneous disease with a second locus on chromosome 2q31

Matthias Rindermann^*, Ekkehard Grünig, MD, Albrecht von Hippel^*, Rolf Koehler, PhD^*, Gabriel Miltenberger-Miltenyi, MD, PhD^*, Derliz Mereles, MD, Karlin Arnold, Michael Pauciulo, William Nichols, PhD, Horst Olschewski, MD, Marius M. Hoeper, MD^||, J.örg Winkler, MD^¶, Hugo A. Katus, MD, Wolfgang Kübler, MD, FRCP, Claus R. Bartram, MD^* and Bart Janssen, PhD^*,*

^* Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Pneumology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
^|| Department of Pneumology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
^¶ Department of Pneumology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

^* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Bart Janssen, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Bart_Janssen{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to identify genetic causes of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), to estimate the proportion of families with mutations in the BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2) gene, and to examine whether genetic heterogeneity might play a role.

BACKGROUND: The BMPR2 mutations have been identified in a substantial portion of patients with familial or sporadic PPH. However, the genetic cause of PPH remains unclear in at least 45% of families.

METHODS: We investigated 130 members of 10 families with at least 1 PPH patient, recruited without selection for familial disease. Manifest PPH was documented in 21 individuals. An increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) above 40 mm Hg during supine bicycle exercise was found in 46 healthy individuals. Their PASP increased from 21.0 ± 4.6 mm Hg at rest to 54.0 ± 9.8 mm Hg during exercise. In 51 relatives, PASP values were normal at rest and during exercise, and 12 members were classified as status unknown.

RESULTS: Two families showed a mutation in the BMPR2 gene. Three families with no BMBR2 mutation showed evidence for linkage to a more proximal location on chromosome 2q31 (odds ratio [OR] for linkage 1.1·10⁶:1). This locus, designated PPH2, maps in-between the markers D2S335 and D2S2314. We obtained significant support for heterogeneity in PPH with an OR of 2.8·10¹¹.

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that PPH may be a genetically heterogeneous disorder with at least two—and possibly more—causative genes.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   AR = abnormal PASP response to exercise   BMPR2 = bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2   dHPLC = denaturing high performance liquid chromatography   lod = logarithm of the odds for linkage   NR = normal PASP response to exercise   PASP = pulmonary artery systolic pressure   PCR = polymerase chain reaction   PPH = primary pulmonary hypertension   SDE = stress Doppler echocardiography

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