CLINICAL RESEARCH
Enhanced external counterpulsation improves endothelial function in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease
Piero O. Bonetti, MD*,
Gregory W. Barsness, MD, FACC*,
Paul C. Keelan, MD*,
Theresa I. Schnell, RN*,
Geralyn M. Pumper, RN*,
Jeffrey T. Kuvin, MD, FACC ,
Robert P. Schnall, DSc ,
David R. Holmes, Jr, MD, FACC*,
Stuart T. Higano, MD, FACC* and
Amir Lerman, MD, FACC*,*
* Center for Coronary Physiology and Imaging and the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel
Manuscript received October 11, 2002;
revised manuscript received February 7, 2003,
accepted February 10, 2003.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Amir Lerman, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
lerman.amir{at}mayo.edu
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the effect of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on endothelial function.
BACKGROUND: Enhanced external counterpulsation improves symptoms and exercise tolerance in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the exact mechanisms by which this technique exerts its clinical benefit are unclear.
METHODS: Reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT), a noninvasive method to assess peripheral endothelial function by measuring reactive hyperemic response in the finger, was performed in 23 patients with refractory angina undergoing a 35-h course of EECP. In each patient RH-PAT measurements were performed before and after the first, at midcourse, and the last EECP session. In addition, RH-PAT response was assessed one month after completion of EECP therapy; RH-PAT index, a measure of reactive hyperemia, was calculated as the ratio of the digital pulse volume during reactive hyperemia divided by that at rest.
RESULTS: Enhanced external counterpulsation led to symptomatic improvement ( 1 Canadian Cardiovascular Society class) in 17 (74%) patients; EECP was associated with a significant immediate increase in average RH-PAT index after each treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, average RH-PAT index at one-month follow-up was significantly higher than that before EECP therapy (p < 0.05). When patients were divided by their clinical response, RH-PAT index at one-month follow-up increased only in those patients who experienced clinical benefit.
CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced external counterpulsation enhances peripheral endothelial function with beneficial effects persisting at one-month follow-up in patients with a positive clinical response. This suggests that improvement in endothelial function may contribute to the clinical benefit of EECP in patients with symptomatic CAD.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | CAD | | coronary artery disease | | CCS | | Canadian Cardiovascular Society | | DASI | | Duke Activity Status Index | | EECP | | enhanced external counterpulsation | | eNOS | | endothelial nitric oxide synthase | | L-NAME | N -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester | | NO | | nitric oxide | | NTG | | nitroglycerin | | PAT | | peripheral arterial tonometry | | RH | | reactive hyperemia |
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