|
| HOME | SUBSCRIPTIONS | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | CARDIOSOURCE | SEARCH | HELP | FEEDBACK |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002; 40:937-943 © 2002 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |
* Department of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Manuscript received August 27, 2001; revised manuscript received March 19, 2002, accepted June 4, 2002.
* Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Gerald M. Reaven, Falk CVRC Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5406, USA
greaven{at}cvmed.Stanford.edu
OBJECTIVES: The study goals were to: 1) define the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in 314 nondiabetic, normotensive, healthy volunteers; and 2) determine the relationship between each of these two variables and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors.
BACKGROUND: The importance of obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and hypertension is well-recognized, but its role as a CHD risk factor in nondiabetic, normotensive individuals is less well established.
METHODS: Insulin resistance was quantified by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the last 30 min of a 180-min infusion of octreotide, glucose, and insulin. In addition, nine CHD risk factors: age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, and glucose and insulin responses to a 75-g oral glucose load were measured in the volunteers.
RESULTS: The BMI and the SSPG concentration were significantly related (r = 0.465, p < 0.001). The BMI and SSPG were both independently associated with each of the nine risk factors. In multiple regression analysis, SSPG concentration added modest to substantial power to BMI with regard to the prediction of DBP, HDL cholesterol and TG concentrations, and the glucose and insulin responses.
CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and insulin resistance are both powerful predictors of CHD risk, and insulin resistance at any given degree of obesity accentuates the risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J.-P. Despres, I. Lemieux, J. Bergeron, P. Pibarot, P. Mathieu, E. Larose, J. Rodes-Cabau, O. F. Bertrand, and P. Poirier Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution to Global Cardiometabolic Risk Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1039 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Langeveld, K. J. M. Ghauharali, H. P. Sauerwein, M. T. Ackermans, J. E. M. Groener, C. E. M. Hollak, J. M. Aerts, and M. J. Serlie Type I Gaucher Disease, a Glycosphingolipid Storage Disorder, Is Associated with Insulin Resistance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 845 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Despres, P. Poirier, J. Bergeron, A. Tremblay, I. Lemieux, and N. Almeras From individual risk factors and the metabolic syndrome to global cardiometabolic risk Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B24 - B33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kotronen and H. Yki-Jarvinen Fatty Liver: A Novel Component of the Metabolic Syndrome Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2008; 28(1): 27 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Riserus, J. Arnlov, and L. Berglund Long-Term Predictors of Insulin Resistance: Role of lifestyle and metabolic factors in middle-aged men Diabetes Care, November 1, 2007; 30(11): 2928 - 2933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-C. Sung, S. H. Kim, and G. M. Reaven Relationship Among Alcohol, Body Weight, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in 27,030 Korean Men Diabetes Care, October 1, 2007; 30(10): 2690 - 2694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. H. Park, B. I. Kim, S. H. Kim, H. J. Kim, D. I. Park, Y. K. Cho, I. K. Sung, C. I. Sohn, H. Kim, D. K. Keum, et al. Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance: Beyond Obesity in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Overweight Men J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2007; 26(4): 321 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C. Sung, M. C. Ryan, B. S. Kim, Y. K. Cho, B. I. Kim, and G. M. Reaven Relationships Between Estimates of Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Large Group of Nondiabetic Korean Adults Diabetes Care, August 1, 2007; 30(8): 2113 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Reaven The Individual Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: Is There a Raison d'Etre? J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 26(3): 191 - 195. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. McLaughlin, F. Abbasi, C. Lamendola, and G. Reaven Heterogeneity in the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Individuals: Effect of Differences in Insulin Sensitivity Arch Intern Med, April 9, 2007; 167(7): 642 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Beaser and P. Levy A Work in Progress, but a Useful Construct Circulation, April 3, 2007; 115(13): 1812 - 1818. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. P. Weiss and J. O. Holloszy Improvements in Body Composition, Glucose Tolerance, and Insulin Action Induced by Increasing Energy Expenditure or Decreasing Energy Intake J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1087 - 1090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. P Weiss, S. B Racette, D. T Villareal, L. Fontana, K. Steger-May, K. B Schechtman, S. Klein, J. O Holloszy, and and the Washington University School of Medicine C Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1033 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Li, E. S. Ford, L. C. McGuire, A. H. Mokdad, R. R. Little, and G. M. Reaven Trends in hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults in the u.s. Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2396 - 2402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Sinaiko, J. Steinberger, A. Moran, C.-P. Hong, R. J. Prineas, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Influence of Insulin Resistance and Body Mass Index at Age 13 on Systolic Blood Pressure, Triglycerides, and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol at Age 19 Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 730 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Meigs, P. W. F. Wilson, C. S. Fox, R. S. Vasan, D. M. Nathan, L. M. Sullivan, and R. B. D'Agostino Body Mass Index, Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 2906 - 2912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D. Ahuja, I. K Robertson, D. P Geraghty, and M. J Ball Effects of chili consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and energy metabolism Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 63 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. von Eynatten, A. Hamann, D. Twardella, P. P. Nawroth, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher Relationship of Adiponectin with Markers of Systemic Inflammation, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and Heart Failure in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Clin. Chem., May 1, 2006; 52(5): 853 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Bernstein, J. Berry, S. Kim, B. Canavan, and S. K. Grinspoon Effects of Etanercept in Patients With the Metabolic Syndrome. Arch Intern Med, April 24, 2006; 166(8): 902 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Farin, F. Abbasi, and G. M Reaven Body mass index and waist circumference both contribute to differences in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2006; 83(1): 47 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.H. Whincup, J.A. Gilg, A.E. Donald, M. Katterhorn, C. Oliver, D.G. Cook, and J.E. Deanfield Arterial Distensibility in Adolescents: The Influence of Adiposity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Classic Risk Factors Circulation, September 20, 2005; 112(12): 1789 - 1797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Caban, D. J. Lee, L. E. Fleming, O. Gomez-Marin, W. LeBlanc, and T. Pitman Obesity in US Workers: The National Health Interview Survey, 1986 to 2002 Am J Public Health, September 1, 2005; 95(9): 1614 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Dekker, C. Girman, T. Rhodes, G. Nijpels, C. D.A. Stehouwer, L. M. Bouter, and R. J. Heine Metabolic Syndrome and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Hoorn Study Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 666 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Hirschler, C. Aranda, M. d. L. Calcagno, G. Maccalini, and M. Jadzinsky Can Waist Circumference Identify Children With the Metabolic Syndrome? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2005; 159(8): 740 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Reaven Counterpoint: Just Being Alive Is Not Good Enough Clin. Chem., August 1, 2005; 51(8): 1354 - 1357. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Geluk, F. W. Asselbergs, H. L. Hillege, S. J.L. Bakker, P. E. de Jong, F. Zijlstra, and W. H. van Gilst Impact of statins in microalbuminuric subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a substudy of the PREVEND Intervention Trial Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2005; 26(13): 1314 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. T. Bloomgarden Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Insulin resistance syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Diabetes Care, June 1, 2005; 28(6): 1518 - 1523. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Reaven Dr. Reaven responds: Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 1083 - 1084. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Allister, N. M. Borradaile, J. Y. Edwards, and M. W. Huff Inhibition of Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Expression and Apolipoprotein B100 Secretion by the Citrus Flavonoid Naringenin and by Insulin Involves Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Hepatocytes Diabetes, June 1, 2005; 54(6): 1676 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Reaven The Metabolic Syndrome: Requiescat in Pace Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 931 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Curtis, J. G. Selter, Y. Wang, S. S. Rathore, I. S. Jovin, F. Jadbabaie, M. Kosiborod, E. L. Portnay, S. I. Sokol, F. Bader, et al. The Obesity Paradox: Body Mass Index and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Arch Intern Med, January 10, 2005; 165(1): 55 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M.R. Gill, A. Al-Mamari, W. R. Ferrell, S. J. Cleland, C. J. Packard, N. Sattar, J. R. Petrie, and M. J. Caslake Effects of prior moderate exercise on postprandial metabolism and vascular function in lean and centrally obese men J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 21, 2004; 44(12): 2375 - 2382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McCord, B. J. Mundy, M. P. Hudson, A. S. Maisel, J. E. Hollander, W. T. Abraham, P. G. Steg, T. Omland, C. W. Knudsen, K. R. Sandberg, et al. Relationship Between Obesity and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels Arch Intern Med, November 8, 2004; 164(20): 2247 - 2252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Lim, G. Y. H. Lip, and A. D. Blann Plasma von Willebrand Factor and the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Hypertension J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5377 - 5381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. F. Lewis, S. Murdoch, K. Uffelman, M. Naples, L. Szeto, A. Albers, K. Adeli, and J. D. Brunzell Hepatic Lipase mRNA, Protein, and Plasma Enzyme Activity Is Increased in the Insulin-Resistant, Fructose-Fed Syrian Golden Hamster and Is Partially Normalized by the Insulin Sensitizer Rosiglitazone Diabetes, November 1, 2004; 53(11): 2893 - 2900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Kim, F. Abbasi, and G. M. Reaven Impact of Degree of Obesity on Surrogate Estimates of Insulin Resistance Diabetes Care, August 1, 2004; 27(8): 1998 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M Grundy Cholesterol gallstones: a fellow traveler with metabolic syndrome? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2004; 80(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K P Morgan, A Kapur, and K J Beatt Anatomy of coronary disease in diabetic patients: an explanation for poorer outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention and potential target for intervention Heart, July 1, 2004; 90(7): 732 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L.M. Coort, D. M. Hasselbaink, D. P.Y. Koonen, J. Willems, W. A. Coumans, A. Chabowski, G. J. van der Vusse, A. Bonen, J. F.C. Glatz, and J. J.F.P. Luiken Enhanced Sarcolemmal FAT/CD36 Content and Triacylglycerol Storage in Cardiac Myocytes From Obese Zucker Rats Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1655 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Weiss, J. Dziura, T. S. Burgert, W. V. Tamborlane, S. E. Taksali, C. W. Yeckel, K. Allen, M. Lopes, M. Savoye, J. Morrison, et al. Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents N. Engl. J. Med., June 3, 2004; 350(23): 2362 - 2374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Cheal, F. Abbasi, C. Lamendola, T. McLaughlin, G. M. Reaven, and E. S. Ford Relationship to Insulin Resistance of the Adult Treatment Panel III Diagnostic Criteria for Identification of the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes, May 1, 2004; 53(5): 1195 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Lofgren, K. Herron, T. Zern, K. West, M. Patalay, N. S. Shachter, S. I. Koo, and M. L. Fernandez Waist Circumference Is a Better Predictor than Body Mass Index of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Overweight Premenopausal Women J. Nutr., May 1, 2004; 134(5): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. McLaughlin, F. Abbasi, C. Lamendola, R. S. Frayo, and D. E. Cummings Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Are Decreased in Insulin-Resistant Obese Adults Relative to Equally Obese Insulin-Sensitive Controls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1630 - 1635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Grundy, H. B. Brewer Jr, J. I. Cleeman, S. C. Smith Jr, C. Lenfant, and for the Conference Participants Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2004; 24(2): e13 - 18. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Grundy, H. B. Brewer Jr, J. I. Cleeman, S. C. Smith Jr, C. Lenfant, and for the Conference Participants Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 433 - 438. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Reaven, F. Abbasi, and T. McLaughlin Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease Recent Prog. Horm. Res., January 1, 2004; 59(1): 207 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. McLaughlin, F. Abbasi, K. Cheal, J. Chu, C. Lamendola, and G. Reaven Use of Metabolic Markers To Identify Overweight Individuals Who Are Insulin Resistant Ann Intern Med, November 18, 2003; 139(10): 802 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rehman, R. V. Considine, J. E. Bovenkerk, J. Li, C. A. Slavens, R. M. Jones, and K. L. March Obesity is associated with increased levels of circulating hepatocyte growth factor J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 16, 2003; 41(8): 1408 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | SUBSCRIPTIONS | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | CARDIOSOURCE | SEARCH | HELP | FEEDBACK |
