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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2001; 38:199-205 © 2001 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |
* Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Manuscript received November 1, 2000; revised manuscript received March 15, 2001, accepted March 26, 2001.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Viola Vaccarino, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1256 Briarcliff Road, Suite 1 North, Atlanta, Georgia 30306
lvaccar{at}ecor.cardio.emory.edu
OBJECTIVES
We sought to examine whether depressive symptoms are associated with poorer prognosis in patients with heart failure.
BACKGROUND
Depression is an established risk factor for poor outcome in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Little is known of its role in patients with heart failure.
METHODS
We prospectively followed 391 patients 
50 years of age who met criteria for decompensated heart failure on hospital admission. The outcome of the study was death or decline in activities of daily living (ADL) at six months, relative to baseline. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline by means of the Geriatric Depression Scale, Short-Form, with 6 to 7 symptoms, 8 to 10 symptoms and 11 symptoms indicating mild, moderate and severe levels of depressive symptoms, respectively.
RESULTS
There was a strong and graded association between the severity of depressive symptoms at baseline and the rate of the combined end point of either functional decline or death at six months. After adjustment for demographic factors, medical history, baseline functional status and clinical severity, patients with 11 depressive symptoms, compared with those with <6 depressive symptoms, had an 82% higher risk of either functional decline or death, whereas the intermediate levels of depressive symptoms showed intermediate risk (p = 0.003 for trend). A similar graded association was found for functional decline and death separately; however, after multivariate analysis, the association with mortality was less strong and no longer statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
An increasing number of depressive symptoms is a negative prognostic factor for patients with heart failure, just as it is for patients with CHD.
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