|
|
||||||||||
|
J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000; 36:2056-2063 © 2000 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |



* University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
|| University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Manuscript received November 2, 1999; revised manuscript received May 31, 2000, accepted July 14, 2000.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. William J. Rogers, 334 LHRB, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
wrogers{at}uab.edu
OBJECTIVES
We sought to determine trends in the treatment of myocardial infarction from 1990 through 1999 in the U.S. and to relate these trends to current guidelines.
BACKGROUND
Limited data are available to show how recent clinical trials and clinical guidelines have impacted treatment of myocardial infarction.
METHODS
Temporal trends in myocardial infarction treatment and outcome were assessed by using data from 1,514,292 patients in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI) 1, 2 and 3 from 1990 through 1999.
Results
During this interval, the use of intravenous thrombolytic therapy declined from 34.3% to 20.8%, but the use of primary angioplasty increased from 2.4% to 7.3% (both p = 0.0001). The median "door-to-drug" time among thrombolytic therapy recipients fell from 61.8 to 37.8 min (p = 0.0001), primarily owing to shorter "door-to-data" and "data-to-decision" times. The prevalence of nonQ wave infarctions increased from 45% in 1994 to 63% in 1999 (p = 0.0001). From 1994 through 1999, there was increased usage of beta-blockers, aspirin and angiotensin-converting inhibitors, both during the first 24 h after admission and on hospital discharge (all p = 0.0001). Between 1990 and 1999, the median duration of hospital stay fell from 8.3 to 4.3 days, and hospital mortality declined from 11.2% to 9.4% (both p = 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS
The NRMI data from 1990 through 1999 demonstrate that the recommendations of recent clinical trials and published guidelines are being implemented, resulting in more rapid administration of intravenous thrombolytic therapy, increasing use of primary angioplasty and more frequent use of adjunctive therapies known to reduce mortality, and may be contributing to the higher prevalence of nonQ wave infarctions, shorter hospital stays and lower hospital mortality.
| ||||||||||||||||||||
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L Wei, C C Lang, F M Sullivan, P Boyle, J Wang, S D Pringle, and T M MacDonald Impact on mortality following first acute myocardial infarction of distance between home and hospital: cohort study Heart, September 1, 2008; 94(9): 1141 - 1146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. W. Stone Angioplasty Strategies in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part II: Intervention After Fibrinolytic Therapy, Integrated Treatment Recommendations, and Future Directions Circulation, July 29, 2008; 118(5): 552 - 566. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. H. Ting, E. H. Bradley, Y. Wang, J. H. Lichtman, B. K. Nallamothu, M. D. Sullivan, B. J. Gersh, V. L. Roger, J. P. Curtis, and H. M. Krumholz Factors Associated With Longer Time From Symptom Onset to Hospital Presentation for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2008; 168(9): 959 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R Gao, A Patel, W Gao, D Hu, D Huang, L Kong, W Qi, Y Wu, Y Yang, P Harris, et al. Prospective observational study of acute coronary syndromes in China: practice patterns and outcomes Heart, May 1, 2008; 94(5): 554 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. H. Curtis, D. J. Whellan, B. G. Hammill, A. F. Hernandez, K. J. Anstrom, A. M. Shea, and K. A. Schulman Incidence and Prevalence of Heart Failure in Elderly Persons, 1994-2003 Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2008; 168(4): 418 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. A. Hayat and R. Senior Myocardial contrast echocardiography in ST elevation myocardial infarction: ready for prime time? Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2008; 29(3): 299 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Oldgren, L. Wallentin, R. Afzal, J.-P. Bassand, A. Budaj, S. Chrolavicius, K. A.A. Fox, C. B. Granger, S. R. Mehta, P. Pais, et al. Effects of fondaparinux in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction not receiving reperfusion treatment Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2008; 29(3): 315 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Vijayaraghavan, A. T. Yan, M. Tan, D. H. Fitchett, A. A. Georgescu, Q. Hassan, A. Langer, S. G. Goodman, and for the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry Local hospital vs. core-laboratory interpretation of the admission electrocardiogram in acute coronary syndromes: increased mortality in patients with unrecognized ST-elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2008; 29(1): 31 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. P. Anstadt and J. E. Lowe Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 487 - 506. [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. G. Jollis, M. L. Roettig, A. O. Aluko, K. J. Anstrom, R. J. Applegate, J. D. Babb, P. B. Berger, D. J. Bohle, S. M. Fletcher, J. L. Garvey, et al. Implementation of a Statewide System for Coronary Reperfusion for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction JAMA, November 28, 2007; 298(20): 2371 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. J. Goldberg, F. A. Spencer, P. G. Steg, M. Flather, G. Montalescot, E. P. Gurfinkel, B. M. Kennelly, S. G. Goodman, R. Dedrick, J. M. Gore, et al. Increasing Use of Single and Combination Medical Therapy in Patients Hospitalized for Acute Myocardial Infarction in the 21st Century: A Multinational Perspective Arch Intern Med, September 10, 2007; 167(16): 1766 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Anderson, C. D. Adams, E. M. Antman, C. R. Bridges, R. M. Califf, D. E. Casey Jr, W. E. Chavey II, F. M. Fesmire, J. S. Hochman, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): e1 - e157. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil REPRINT Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): e28 - e55. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Zhou, G.-C. Fan, X. Ren, J. R. Waggoner, K. N. Gregory, G. Chen, W. K. Jones, and E. G. Kranias Overexpression of histidine-rich Ca-binding protein protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2007; 75(3): 487 - 497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. A. Elesber, A. Prasad, R. J. Lennon, R. S. Wright, A. Lerman, and C. S. Rihal Four-Year Recurrence Rate and Prognosis of the Apical Ballooning Syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 31, 2007; 50(5): 448 - 452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Dwivedi, R. Janardhanan, S. A. Hayat, J. M. Swinburn, and R. Senior Prognostic Value of Myocardial Viability Detected by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 24, 2007; 50(4): 327 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. K. Jacobs, E. M. Antman, D. P. Faxon, T. Gregory, and P. Solis Development of Systems of Care for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: Executive Summary Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): 217 - 230. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. P. Faxon Development of Systems of Care for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: Current State of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): e29 - e32. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Moyer, J. P. Ornato, W. J. Brady Jr, L. L. Davis, C. A. Ghaemmaghami, W. B. Gibler, G. Mears, V. N. Mosesso Jr, and R. D. Zane Development of Systems of Care for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: The Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Perspective Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): e43 - e48. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. S. Ford, U. A. Ajani, J. B. Croft, J. A. Critchley, D. R. Labarthe, T. E. Kottke, W. H. Giles, and S. Capewell Explaining the Decrease in U.S. Deaths from Coronary Disease, 1980-2000 N. Engl. J. Med., June 7, 2007; 356(23): 2388 - 2398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, May 29, 2007; 115(21): 2761 - 2788. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. P. Alexander, L. K. Newby, C. P. Cannon, P. W. Armstrong, W. B. Gibler, M. W. Rich, F. Van de Werf, H. D. White, W. D. Weaver, M. D. Naylor, et al. Acute Coronary Care in the Elderly, Part I: Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology: In Collaboration With the Society of Geriatric Cardiology Circulation, May 15, 2007; 115(19): 2549 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. A. A. Fox, P. G. Steg, K. A. Eagle, S. G. Goodman, F. A. Anderson Jr, C. B. Granger, M. D. Flather, A. Budaj, A. Quill, J. M. Gore, et al. Decline in Rates of Death and Heart Failure in Acute Coronary Syndromes, 1999-2006 JAMA, May 2, 2007; 297(17): 1892 - 1900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. J. Gibbons Leading the Elephant Out of the Corner: The Future of Health Care: Presidential Address at the American Heart Association 2006 Scientific Sessions Circulation, April 24, 2007; 115(16): 2221 - 2230. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. C. Bailey, L. A. Noirot, A. Blickensderfer, E. Rachmiel, R. Schaiff, A. Kessels, A. Braverman, A. Goldberg, B. Waterman, and W. C. Dunagan An Intervention to Improve Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, March 26, 2007; 167(6): 586 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. S. Hollenbeak, J. P. Fitzgibbons, M. Rossi, D. L. Morris, and P. Stillman The Impact of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions on Outcomes for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Pennsylvania American Journal of Medical Quality, March 1, 2007; 22(2): 85 - 94. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. C. Wijeysundera, R. Vijayaraghavan, B. K. Nallamothu, J. M. Foody, H. M. Krumholz, C. O. Phillips, A. Kashani, J. J. You, J. V. Tu, and D. T. Ko Rescue Angioplasty or Repeat Fibrinolysis After Failed Fibrinolytic Therapy for ST-Segment Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 30, 2007; 49(4): 422 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. C. Keeley and L. D. Hillis Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation N. Engl. J. Med., January 4, 2007; 356(1): 47 - 54. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. B. Rosen, D. M. Cutler, D. M. Norton, H. M. Hu, and S. Vijan The Value Of Coronary Heart Disease Care For The Elderly: 1987-2002 Health Aff., January 1, 2007; 26(1): 111 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. A. Masoudi, J. M. Foody, E. P. Havranek, Y. Wang, M. J. Radford, R. M. Allman, J. Gold, R. T. Wiblin, and H. M. Krumholz Trends in Acute Myocardial Infarction in 4 US States Between 1992 and 2001: Clinical Characteristics, Quality of Care, and Outcomes Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2806 - 2814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. H. Ting, E. H. Yang, and C. S. Rihal Narrative review: reperfusion strategies for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med, October 17, 2006; 145(8): 610 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. H. Mehta, M. T. Roe, A. Y. Chen, B. L. Lytle, C. V. Pollack Jr, R. G. Brindis, S. C. Smith Jr, R. A. Harrington, D. Fintel, E. S. Fraulo, et al. Recent Trends in the Care of Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Insights From the CRUSADE Initiative. Arch Intern Med, October 9, 2006; 166(18): 2027 - 2034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. M. Ho, J. A. Spertus, F. A. Masoudi, K. J. Reid, E. D. Peterson, D. J. Magid, H. M. Krumholz, and J. S. Rumsfeld Impact of medication therapy discontinuation on mortality after myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med, September 25, 2006; 166(17): 1842 - 1847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Schomig, G. Ndrepepa, and A. Kastrati Late myocardial salvage: time to recognize its reality in the reperfusion therapy of acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2006; 27(16): 1900 - 1907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A Oudot, P G Steg, N Danchin, G Dentan, M Zeller, P Sicard, P Buffet, Y Laurent, L Janin-Manificat, I L'Huillier, et al. Impact of chronic oral anticoagulation on management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction: data from the RICO survey Heart, August 1, 2006; 92(8): 1077 - 1083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Maynard, E. Lowy, J. Rumsfeld, A. E. Sales, H. Sun, B. Kopjar, B. Fleming, R. L. Jesse, R. Rusch, and S. D. Fihn The prevalence and outcomes of in-hospital acute myocardial infarction in the department of veterans affairs health system. Arch Intern Med, July 10, 2006; 166(13): 1410 - 1416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. A. Alter, D. T. Ko, A. Newman, and J. V. Tu Factors explaining the under-use of reperfusion therapy among ideal patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2006; 27(13): 1539 - 1549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Gerber, S. J. Jacobsen, R. L. Frye, S. A. Weston, J. M. Killian, and V. L. Roger Secular Trends in Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases: A 25-Year Community Study Circulation, May 16, 2006; 113(19): 2285 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Bjorklund, U. Stenestrand, J. Lindback, L. Svensson, L. Wallentin, B. Lindahl, and on behalf of the RIKS-HIA Investigators Pre-hospital thrombolysis delivered by paramedics is associated with reduced time delay and mortality in ambulance-transported real-life patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2006; 27(10): 1146 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. W. Tang, C.-K. Wong, N. J. Restieaux, P. Herbison, M. J. A. Williams, P. Kay, and G. T. Wilkins Clinical outcome of older patients with acute coronary syndrome over the last three decades. Age Ageing, May 1, 2006; 35(3): 280 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. D. Wiviott, D. A. Morrow, P. D. Frederick, E. M. Antman, and E. Braunwald Application of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Risk Index in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Evaluation of Patients in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8): 1553 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. J. Gersh and E. M. Antman Selection of the optimal reperfusion strategy for STEMI: does time matter? Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2006; 27(7): 761 - 763. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): e409 - e449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Garvey, B. A. MacLeod, G. Sopko, M. M. Hand, and on behalf of the National Heart Attack Alert Progr Pre-Hospital 12-Lead Electrocardiography Programs: A Call for Implementation by Emergency Medical Services Systems Providing Advanced Life Support--National Heart Attack Alert Program (NHAAP) Coordinating Committee; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institutes of Health J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3): 485 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 577 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. K. Newby, N. M. Allen LaPointe, A. Y. Chen, J. M. Kramer, B. G. Hammill, E. R. DeLong, L. H. Muhlbaier, and R. M. Califf Long-Term Adherence to Evidence-Based Secondary Prevention Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, January 17, 2006; 113(2): 203 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. K. Nallamothu, Y. Wang, D. J. Magid, R. L. McNamara, J. Herrin, E. H. Bradley, E. R. Bates, C. V. Pollack Jr, H. M. Krumholz, and for the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction Relation Between Hospital Specialization With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Clinical Outcomes in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: National Registry of Myocardial Infarction-4 Analysis Circulation, January 17, 2006; 113(2): 222 - 229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. McNamara, J. Herrin, E. H. Bradley, E. L. Portnay, J. P. Curtis, Y. Wang, D. J. Magid, M. Blaney, H. M. Krumholz, and for the NRMI Investigators Hospital Improvement in Time to Reperfusion in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1999 to 2002 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 45 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. W. Eikelboom, D. J. Quinlan, S. R. Mehta, A. G. Turpie, I. B. Menown, and S. Yusuf Unfractionated and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin as Adjuncts to Thrombolysis in Aspirin-Treated Patients With ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis of the Randomized Trials Circulation, December 20, 2005; 112(25): 3855 - 3867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Patrono, L. A. Garcia Rodriguez, R. Landolfi, and C. Baigent Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med., December 1, 2005; 353(22): 2373 - 2383. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. P. Wharton Jr, E. C. Keeley, C. L. Grines, T. P. Wharton Jr, E. C. Keeley, and C. L. Grines The Case for Community Hospital Angioplasty Circulation, November 29, 2005; 112(22): 3509 - 3534. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. G. Robinson, B. Smith, N. Maheshwari, and H. Schrott Pleiotropic Effects of Statins: Benefit Beyond Cholesterol Reduction?: A Meta-Regression Analysis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2005; 46(10): 1855 - 1862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R C Welsh, W Chang, P Goldstein, J Adgey, C B Granger, F W A Verheugt, L Wallentin, F Van de Werf, P W Armstrong, and on behalf of the ASSENT-3 PLUS Investigators Time to treatment and the impact of a physician on prehospital management of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the ASSENT-3 PLUS trial Heart, November 1, 2005; 91(11): 1400 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. A. Jaber, R. J. Lennon, V. Mathew, D. R. Holmes Jr, A. Lerman, and C. S. Rihal Application of Evidence-Based Medical Therapy Is Associated With Improved Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Is a Valid Quality Indicator J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 18, 2005; 46(8): 1473 - 1478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. A. Eagle, C. K. Montoye, A. L. Riba, A. C. DeFranco, R. Parrish, S. Skorcz, P. L. Baker, J. Faul, S. M. Jani, B. Chen, et al. Guideline-Based Standardized Care Is Associated With Substantially Lower Mortality in Medicare Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The American College of Cardiology's Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Projects in Michigan J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 4, 2005; 46(7): 1242 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |