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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Multisite pacing for prevention of atrial tachyarrhythmias: potential mechanisms

^a University of Heidelberg, Department of Cardiology, Heidelberg, Germany

Manuscript received May 4, 1999; revised manuscript received December 16, 1999, accepted February 14, 2000.

Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Ruediger Becker, University of Heidelberg/Department of Cardiology, Bergheimer Str. 58, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
ruediger_becker{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effects of single-, dual-, triple- and quadruple-site atrial pacing on atrial activation and refractoriness in normal canine hearts.

BACKGROUND

Multisite pacing has been suggested to be superior to single-site pacing for prevention of atrial tachyarrhythmias. However, the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms are undetermined at the moment, as is the rationale for the selection of pacing locations and the number of pacing sites.

METHODS

In 13 normal beagle dogs, an epicardial multielectrode (128 bipoles) and a multiplexer mapping system were used to reconstruct epicardial atrial activation patterns obtained during simultaneous stimulation from up to four electrodes located in the high and low right and left atrium, respectively. For all pacing modes (single-, dual-, triple- and quadruple-site pacing), total activation times and local effective refractory periods at eight randomly selected sites as well as local recovery intervals were determined. In a subgroup of five dogs, total epicardial activation times were also obtained during single-site septal stimulation (septal group).

RESULTS

Activation times and local recovery intervals were minimized by triple-site stimulation, whereas a fourth site did not produce further shortening. Septal stimulation produced epicardial activation times comparable to quadruple-site stimulation. Local refractory periods and their dispersion always remained unaffected. Functional conduction blocks apparent during single-site were found to resolve during multisite stimulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Multisite pacing can prevent functional conduction blocks by multidirectional excitation and a reduction in total activation time. Triple-site and, possibly, septal pacing modes are expected to be most efficient because both minimize total activation times and maximize the multidirectionality of excitation. In spite of unaffected local refractory periods, the shortening of local recovery intervals might homogenize atrial repolarization and, thus, contribute to the preventive effects of multisite pacing.

Abbreviations and Acronyms   AT = activation time   ERP = effective refractory period   HLA = high left atrium   HRA = high right atrium   IVC = inferior vena cava   LAA = left atrial appendage   LLA = low left atrium   LRA = low right atrium   RAA = right atrial appendage   SVC = superior vena cava

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