CLINICAL STUDIES
Stress Doppler echocardiography for identification of susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema
Ekkehard Grünig, MD*,
Derliz Mereles, MD*,
Wulf Hildebrandt, MD ,
Erik R. Swenson, MD,
Wolfgang Kübler, MD*,
Helmut Kuecherer, MD* and
Peter Bärtsch, MD
* Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Institute of Sports Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Manuscript received April 2, 1999;
revised manuscript received October 15, 1999,
accepted November 19, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Ekkehard Grünig, Department of Cardiology, Bergheimer Strasse 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
ekkehard_gruenig{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de
OBJECTIVE
This prospective single-blinded study was performed to quantitate noninvasive pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) responses to prolonged acute hypoxia and normoxic exercise.
BACKGROUND
Hypoxia-induced excessive rise in pulmonary artery pressure is a key factor in high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). We hypothesized that subjects susceptible to HAPE (HAPE-S) have increased pulmonary artery pressure response not only to hypoxia but also to exercise.
METHODS
PASP was estimated at 45, 90 and 240 min of hypoxia (Fi02=12%) and during supine bicycle exercise in normoxia using Doppler-echocardiography in nine HAPE-S and in 11 control subjects.
RESULTS
In the control group, mean PASP increased from 26 ± 2 to 37 ± 4 mm Hg ( PASP 10.3 ± 2 mm Hg) after 90 min of hypoxia and from 27 ± 4 to 36 ± 3 mm Hg (PASP 8 ± 2 mm Hg) during exercise. In contrast, all HAPE-S subjects revealed significantly greater increases (p = 0.002 vs. controls) in mean PASP both during hypoxia (from 28 ± 4 to 57 ± 10 mm Hg, PASP 28.7 ± 6 mm Hg) and during exercise (from 28 ± 4 to 55 ± 11 mm Hg, PASP 27 ± 8 mm Hg) than did control subjects. Stress echocardiography allowed discrimination between groups without overlap using a cut off PASP value of 45 mm Hg at work rates less than 150 W.
CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that HAPE-S subjects may have abnormal pulmonary vascular responses not only to hypoxia but also to supine bicycle exercise under normoxic conditions. Thus, Doppler echocardiography during supine bicycle exercise or after 90 min of hypoxia may be useful noninvasive screening methods to identify subjects susceptible to HAPE.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | ECG | = electrocardiogram | | EF | = ejection fraction | | HAPE | = high-altitude pulmonary edema | | HAPE-S | = high-altitude pulmonary edema-susceptible subjects | | LV | = left ventricle, left ventricular | | PASP | = pulmonary artery systolic pressure | | RV | = right ventricle, right ventricular |
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