CLINICAL STUDIES
The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Daniel L. Dries, MD, MPH*,
Derek V. Exner, MD, MPH ,
Michael J. Domanski, MD,
Barry Greenberg, MD and
Lynne W. Stevenson, MD, FACC*
* Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Clinical Trials Research Group, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Division of Cardiology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Manuscript received January 28, 1999;
revised manuscript received November 10, 1999,
accepted November 15, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Daniel L. Dries, Cardiomyopathy Transplant Fellow, Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
OBJECTIVES
The present analysis examines the prognostic implications of moderate renal insufficiency in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
BACKGROUND
Chronic elevations in intracardiac filling pressures may lead to progressive ventricular dilation and heart failure progression. The ability to maintain fluid balance and prevent increased intracardiac filling pressures is critically dependent on the adequacy of renal function.
METHODS
This is a retrospective analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trials, in which moderate renal insufficiency is defined as a baseline creatinine clearance <60 ml/min, as estimated from the Cockroft-Gault equation.
RESULTS
In the SOLVD Prevention Trial, multivariate analyses demonstrated moderate renal insufficiency to be associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (Relative Risk [RR] 1.41; p = 0.001), largely explained by an increased risk for pump-failure death (RR 1.68;p = 0.007) and the combined end point death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 1.33; p = 0.001). Likewise, in the Treatment Trial, multivariate analyses demonstrated moderate renal insufficiency to be associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (RR 1.41;p = 0.001), also largely explained by an increased risk for pump-failure death (RR 1.49; p = 0.007) and the combined end point death or hospitalization for heart failure (RR 1.45; p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Even moderate degrees of renal insufficiency are independently associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure, largely explained by an increased risk of heart failure progression. These data suggest that, rather than simply being a marker of the severity of underlying disease, the adequacy of renal function may be a primary determinant of compensation in patients with heart failure, and therapy capable of improving renal function may delay disease progression.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | BUN | = blood urea nitrogen | | CI | = confidence interval | | CrCl | = creatinine clearance | | LVEF | = left ventricular ejection fraction | | NYHA | = New York Heart Association | | RR | = relative risk | | SOLVD | = Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction |
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B. R. Hemmelgarn, D. A. Southern, K. H. Humphries, B. F. Culleton, M. L. Knudtson, W. A. Ghali, and for the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcomes As
Refined characterization of the association between kidney function and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization
Eur. Heart J.,
May 2, 2006;
27(10):
1191 - 1197.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. Meisinger, A. Doring, H. Lowel, and for the KORA Study Group
Chronic kidney disease and risk of incident myocardial infarction and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men and women from the general population
Eur. Heart J.,
May 2, 2006;
27(10):
1245 - 1250.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. R. Cowie, M. Komajda, T. Murray-Thomas, J. Underwood, B. Ticho, and on behalf of the POSH Investigators
Prevalence and impact of worsening renal function in patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure: results of the prospective outcomes study in heart failure (POSH)
Eur. Heart J.,
May 2, 2006;
27(10):
1216 - 1222.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Butler, C. Geisberg, R. Howser, P. M. Portner, J. G. Rogers, M. C. Deng, and R. N. Pierson III
Relationship between renal function and left ventricular assist device use.
Ann. Thorac. Surg.,
May 1, 2006;
81(5):
1745 - 1751.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. de Silva, N. P. Nikitin, K. K.A. Witte, A. S. Rigby, K. Goode, S. Bhandari, A. L. Clark, and J. G.F. Cleland
Incidence of renal dysfunction over 6 months in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: contributing factors and relationship to prognosis
Eur. Heart J.,
March 1, 2006;
27(5):
569 - 581.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. E. Gilbert, K. Connelly, D. J. Kelly, C. A. Pollock, and H. Krum
Heart Failure and Nephropathy: Catastrophic and Interrelated Complications of Diabetes
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
March 1, 2006;
1(2):
193 - 208.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H. L. Hillege, D. Nitsch, M. A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, J. J.V. McMurray, S. Yusuf, C. B. Granger, E. L. Michelson, J. Ostergren, J. H. Cornel, et al.
Renal Function as a Predictor of Outcome in a Broad Spectrum of Patients With Heart Failure
Circulation,
February 7, 2006;
113(5):
671 - 678.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Maaravi, M. Bursztyn, R. Hammerman-Rozenberg, A. Cohen, and J. Stessman
Moderate renal insufficiency at 70 years predicts mortality
QJM,
February 1, 2006;
99(2):
97 - 102.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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L. C. Costello-Boerrigter, W. B. Smith, G. Boerrigter, J. Ouyang, C. A. Zimmer, C. Orlandi, and J. C. Burnett Jr.
Vasopressin-2-receptor antagonism augments water excretion without changes in renal hemodynamics or sodium and potassium excretion in human heart failure
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,
February 1, 2006;
290(2):
F273 - F278.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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O. Lisy and J. C. Burnett Jr
New Cardioprotective Agent K201 Is Natriuretic and Glomerular Filtration Rate Enhancing
Circulation,
January 17, 2006;
113(2):
246 - 251.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. W. Schrier
Role of Diminished Renal Function in Cardiovascular Mortality: Marker or Pathogenetic Factor?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 3, 2006;
47(1):
1 - 8.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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S. Anwaruddin, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, A. Baggish, A. Chen, D. Krauser, R. Tung, C. Chae, and J. L. Januzzi Jr
Renal Function, Congestive Heart Failure, and Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement: Results From the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 3, 2006;
47(1):
91 - 97.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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N. A. Khan, I. Ma, C. R. Thompson, K. Humphries, D. N. Salem, M. J. Sarnak, and A. Levin
Kidney Function and Mortality among Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
January 1, 2006;
17(1):
244 - 253.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Anwaruddin, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, A. Baggish, A. Chen, D. Krauser, R. Tung, C. Chae, and J. L. Januzzi Jr
Renal Function, Congestive Heart Failure, and Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement: Results From the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
December 13, 2005;
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[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. C. Burnett Jr
Urocortin: Advancing the Neurohumoral Hypothesis of Heart Failure
Circulation,
December 6, 2005;
112(23):
3544 - 3546.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. de Silva, N. P. Nikitin, S. Bhandari, A. Nicholson, A. L. Clark, and J. G.F. Cleland
Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in chronic heart failure: should we intervene?
Eur. Heart J.,
August 2, 2005;
26(16):
1596 - 1605.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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F. A. Masoudi, C. P. Gross, Y. Wang, S. S. Rathore, E. P. Havranek, J. M. Foody, and H. M. Krumholz
Adoption of Spironolactone Therapy for Older Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in the United States, 1998-2001
Circulation,
July 5, 2005;
112(1):
39 - 47.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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L. W. Stevenson, A. Nohria, and L. Mielniczuk
Torrent or Torment From the Tubules?: Challenge of the Cardiorenal Connections
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
June 21, 2005;
45(12):
2004 - 2007.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Vanholder, Z. Massy, A. Argiles, G. Spasovski, F. Verbeke, N. Lameire, and for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox)
Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.,
June 1, 2005;
20(6):
1048 - 1056.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Authors/Task Force Members, K. Swedberg, Writing Committee:, J. Cleland, H. Dargie, H. Drexler, F. Follath, M. Komajda, L. Tavazzi, O. A. Smiseth, et al.
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology
Eur. Heart J.,
June 1, 2005;
26(11):
1115 - 1140.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. E. Ochiai, A. C.P. Barretto, M. T. Oliveira Jr., R. T. Munhoz, P. C. Morgado, and J. A.F. Ramires
Uric acid renal excretion and renal insufficiency in decompensated severe heart failure
Eur J Heart Fail,
June 1, 2005;
7(4):
468 - 474.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. Stanton, M. Hansen, H. C. Wijeysundera, P. Kupchak, C. Hall, J. L. Rouleau, and On behalf of the PRAISE-2 study investigators
A direct comparison of the natriuretic peptides and their relationship to survival in chronic heart failure of a presumed non-ischaemic origin
Eur J Heart Fail,
June 1, 2005;
7(4):
557 - 565.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H. O. Ventura and M. R. Mehra
Improvement of heart failure after renal transplantation: The complex maze of cardio-renal interaction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
April 5, 2005;
45(7):
1061 - 1063.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. J. Sarnak, R. Katz, C. O. Stehman-Breen, L. F. Fried, N. S. Jenny, B. M. Psaty, A. B. Newman, D. Siscovick, M. G. Shlipak, and and the Cardiovascular Health Study*
Cystatin C Concentration as a Risk Factor for Heart Failure in Older Adults
Ann Intern Med,
April 5, 2005;
142(7):
497 - 505.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. D. Sackner-Bernstein, H. A. Skopicki, and K. D. Aaronson
Risk of Worsening Renal Function With Nesiritide in Patients With Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure
Circulation,
March 29, 2005;
111(12):
1487 - 1491.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. L. Smith, M. G. Shlipak, E. P. Havranek, F. A. Masoudi, W. M. McClellan, J. M. Foody, S. S. Rathore, and H. M. Krumholz
Race and Renal Impairment in Heart Failure: Mortality in Blacks Versus Whites
Circulation,
March 15, 2005;
111(10):
1270 - 1277.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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P. J. Hauptman and E. P. Havranek
Integrating Palliative Care Into Heart Failure Care
Arch Intern Med,
February 28, 2005;
165(4):
374 - 378.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. G. Shlipak, M. J. Sarnak, R. Katz, L. Fried, S. Seliger, A. Newman, D. Siscovick, and C. Stehman-Breen
Cystatin-C and mortality in elderly persons with heart failure
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
January 18, 2005;
45(2):
268 - 271.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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M. P. Tokmakova, H. Skali, S. Kenchaiah, E. Braunwald, J. L. Rouleau, M. Packer, G. M. Chertow, L. A. Moye, M. A. Pfeffer, and S. D. Solomon
Chronic Kidney Disease, Cardiovascular Risk, and Response to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition After Myocardial Infarction: The Survival And Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Study
Circulation,
December 14, 2004;
110(24):
3667 - 3673.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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G. Marenzi, G. Lauri, E. Assanelli, J. Campodonico, M. De Metrio, I. Marana, M. Grazi, F. Veglia, and A. L. Bartorelli
Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
November 2, 2004;
44(9):
1780 - 1785.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Ezekowitz, F. A. McAlister, K. H. Humphries, C. M. Norris, M. Tonelli, W. A. Ghali, M. L. Knudtson, and APPROACH Investigators
The association among renal insufficiency, pharmacotherapy, and outcomes in 6,427 patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 19, 2004;
44(8):
1587 - 1592.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. Bibbins-Domingo, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, E. Barrett-Connor, D. Grady, and M. G. Shlipak
Renal insufficiency as an independent predictor of mortality among women with heart failure
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,
October 19, 2004;
44(8):
1593 - 1600.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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