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J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000; 35:277-283 © 2000 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |
a Department of Cardiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
* Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Institute for Medical Statistics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Cardiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Manuscript received February 2, 1999; revised manuscript received August 16, 1999, accepted October 18, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Thomas Neunteufl, Department of Cardiology, University of Vienna Medical School, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
TNEUNTEUFL{at}pop3.kard.akh-wien.ac.at
OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to determine whether chronic or acute impairment of flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) in the brachial artery of smokers can be restored or preserved by the antioxidant vitamin E.
BACKGROUND
Transient impairment of endothelial function after heavy cigarette smoking and chronic endothelial dysfunction in smokers result at least in part from increased oxidative stress.
METHODS
We studied 22 healthy male smokers (mean ± SD, 23 ± 9 cigarettes per day) randomly assigned to receive either 600 IU vitamin E per day (n = 11, age 28 ± 6 years) or placebo (n = 11, age 27 ± 6 years) for four weeks and 11 age-matched healthy male nonsmokers. Flow mediated vasodilation and endothelium-independent, nitroglycerin-induced dilation were assessed in the brachial artery using high resolution ultrasound (7.5 MHz) at baseline and after therapy. Subjects stopped smoking 2 h before the ultrasound examinations. At the end of the treatment period, a third scan was obtained 20 min after smoking a cigarette (0.6 mg nicotine, 7 mg tare) to estimate transient impairment of FMD.
RESULTS
Flow mediated vasodilation at baseline was abnormal in the vitamin E (5.3 ± 3.8, p < 0.01) and in the placebo group (6.4 ± 3.5, p < 0.05) compared with nonsmoking controls (11.6 ± 4.7). Using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effects of vitamin E on FMD, we found no effect for the grouping factor (p = 0.5834) in the ANOVA over time but a highly significant difference with respect to time (p = 0.0065). The interaction of the time factor and the grouping factor also proved to be significant (p = 0.0318). Flow mediated vasodilation values remained similar after treatment for four weeks in both groups but declined faster after smoking a cigarette in subjects taking placebo compared with those receiving vitamin E (p values from successive differences for the time/group factor: 0.0001/0.0017). The transient attenuation of FMD (calculated as the percent change in FMD) was related to the improvement of the antioxidant status, estimated as percent changes in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (r = –0.67, p = 0.0024). Nitroglycerin-induced dilation did not differ between study groups at baseline or after therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that oral supplementation of vitamin E can attenuate transient impairment of endothelial function after heavy smoking due to an improvement of the oxidative status but cannot restore chronic endothelial dysfunction within four weeks in healthy male smokers.
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