CLINICAL STUDIES
Familial polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias
A quarter century of successful medical treatment based on serial exercise-pharmacologic testing
John D. Fisher, MD, FACCa,
Dennis Krikler, MD, FRCP, FACCa and
Katherine A. Hallidie-Smith, MB, FRCP, FACCa
a Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital (now Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus), London, United Kingdom
Manuscript received November 20, 1998;
revised manuscript received June 18, 1999,
accepted August 23, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. John D. Fisher, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Offices, N2, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, New York 10467
OBJECTIVES
We sought to determine whether objective tests of antiarrhythmic drug efficacy could produce favorable short- and long-term outcomes in a family with idiopathic malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
BACKGROUND
In 1973 a family presented with a history of several generations of syncopal spells and sudden death. Some individuals had nonspecific electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. Their QT intervals were normal at rest and with exercise. Autopsies in two young family members showed no cardiac abnormalities, specifically no evidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, other cardiomyopathy, myocarditis or gross abnormality of the conduction system.
METHODS
Available family members had screening ECGs. Symptomatic members had a battery of tests, including electrophysiologic studies, ambulatory ECGs, audiograms, exercise stress testing, serum catecholamine levels during rest and exercise and isoproterenol infusion. Serial exercise-pharmacologic testing was performed in symptomatic family members until induction of an arrhythmia during exercise required higher work loads or became impossible.
RESULTS
Arrhythmias were not induced during electrophysiologic studies. In several family members tested, ventricular premature beats and then rapid polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias occurred whenever the sinus rate exceeded 130 beats/min. Emotional stress, isoproterenol infusion and exercise all elicited similar arrhythmias. Catecholamine levels during exercise were, however, unequivocally normal in two of three family members tested. Beta-blockers appeared to be the most effective pharmacologic agent for prevention of these arrhythmias. The efficacy of treatment has been confirmed during a follow-up of 25 years.
CONCLUSIONS
This family appears to have catecholamine hypersensitivity as the basis for their ventricular arrhythmias. Guided therapy using serial exercise-pharmacologic testing provided reliable protection for this familial ventricular arrhythmia during a 25-year follow-up.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
| | A-H interval | = atrium to His bundle interval | | CSM | = carotid sinus massage | | ECG | = electrocardiogram or electrocardiographic | | H-V interval | = interval from His bundle deflection to ventricular depolarization | | ICD | = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | | SUDS | = sudden unexpected death syndrome (please note that the words sound rather generic, but SUDS applies to a special form of nocturnal arrhythmic sudden death in southeast Asian males) | | VPC | = ventricular premature complex |
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