|
| HOME | SUBSCRIPTIONS | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | CARDIOSOURCE | SEARCH | HELP | FEEDBACK |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999; 34:1867-1877 © 1999 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation |
a Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Manuscript received March 6, 1999; revised manuscript received June 29, 1999, accepted September 7, 1999.
Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Bijoy K. Khandheria, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
The left atrial (LA) appendage is a common source of cardiac thrombus formation associated with systemic embolism. Transesophageal echocardiography allows a detailed evaluation of the structure and function of the appendage by two-dimensional imaging and Doppler interrogation of appendage flow. Specific flow patterns, reflecting appendage function, have been characterized for normal sinus rhythm and various abnormal cardiac rhythms. Appendage dysfunction has been associated with LA appendage spontaneous echocardiographic contrast, thrombus formation and thromboembolism. These associations have been studied extensively in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias and in patients with mitral valve disease. The present review summarizes the literature on the echocardiographic assessment of LA appendage structure, function and dysfunction, which has become an integral part of the routine clinical transesophageal echocardiographic examination.
| ||||||||||||||||||
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. Hur, Y. J. Kim, J. E. Nam, K. O. Choe, E.-Y. Choi, C.-Y. Shim, and B. W. Choi Thrombus in the Left Atrial Appendage in Stroke Patients: Detection with Cardiac CT Angiography--A Preliminary Report Radiology, October 1, 2008; 249(1): 81 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Lacomis, O. Goitein, C. Deible, P. L. Moran, G. Mamone, S. Madan, and D. Schwartzman Dynamic multidimensional imaging of the human left atrial appendage Europace, December 1, 2007; 9(12): 1134 - 1140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Committee Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 651 - 745. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): e149 - e246. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): e257 - e354. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. K. Mohrs, B. Nowak, S. E. Petersen, M. Welsner, C. Rubel, A. Magedanz, H.-U. Kauczor, and T. Voigtlaender Thrombus Detection in the Left Atrial Appendage Using Contrast-Enhanced MRI: A Pilot Study Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2006; 186(1): 198 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Donal, H. Yamada, C. Leclercq, and D. Herpin The Left Atrial Appendage, a Small, Blind-Ended Structure: A Review of Its Echocardiographic Evaluation and Its Clinical Role Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1853 - 1862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Bernhardt, H. Schmidt, C. Hammerstingl, B. Luderitz, and H. Omran Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Dense Spontaneous Echo Contrast at High Risk: A Prospective and Serial Follow-Up Over 12 Months With Transesophageal Echocardiography and Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1807 - 1812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Erdogan, M. T. Goren, R. Diz-Kucukkaya, and M. Inanc Assessment of Cardiac Structure and Left Atrial Appendage Functions in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Transesophageal Echocardiographic Study Stroke, March 1, 2005; 36(3): 592 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. A. Paraskevaidis, T. Dodouras, D. Tsiapras, and D. T. Kremastinos Prediction of Successful Cardioversion and Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Patients With Lone Atrial Fibrillation Chest, February 1, 2005; 127(2): 488 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Corrado, S Beretta, L Sormani, G Tadeo, G Foglia-Manzillo, L.M Tagliagambe, and M Santarone Prevalence of atrial thrombi in patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter and subtherapeutic anticoagulation prior to cardioversion Eur J Echocardiogr, August 1, 2004; 5(4): 257 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Stollberger, B. Schneider, and J. Finsterer Elimination of the Left Atrial Appendage To Prevent Stroke or Embolism?: Anatomic, Physiologic, and Pathophysiologic Considerations Chest, December 1, 2003; 124(6): 2356 - 2362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Illien, S Maroto-Jarvinen, G von der Recke, C Hammerstingl, H Schmidt, S Kuntz-Hehner, B Luderitz, and H Omran Atrial fibrillation: relation between clinical risk factors and transoesophageal echocardiographic risk factors for thromboembolism Heart, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 165 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Antonielli, A. Pizzuti, A. Palinkas, M. Tanga, N. o. Gruber, C. Michelassi, A. Varga, A. Bonzano, N. Gandolfo, L.a. Halmai, et al. Clinical value of left atrial appendage flow for prediction of long-term sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2002; 39(9): 1443 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shimizu, Y. Murakami, S.-i. Inoue, Y. Ohta, K. Nakamura, H. Katoh, T. Sakne, N. Takahashi, S. Ohata, T. Sugamori, et al. High Plasma Brain Natriuretic Polypeptide Level as a Marker of Risk for Thromboembolism in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 1005 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Agmon, B. K. Khandheria, F. Gentile, and J. B. Seward Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics of Patients With Left Atrial Thrombus and Sinus Rhythm: Experience in 20 643 Consecutive Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examinations Circulation, January 1, 2002; 105(1): 27 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Palinkas, E. Antonielli, E. Picano, A. Pizzuti, A. Varga, B. Nyuzo, J.M. Alegret, A. Bonzano, M. Tanga, A. Coppolino, et al. Clinical value of left atrial appendage flow velocity for predicting of cardioversion success in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2001; 22(23): 2201 - 2208. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2118 - 2150. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1231 - 1265. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1266 - 1266. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Schmidt, G. von der Recke, S. Illien, T. Lewalter, R. Schimpf, C. Wolpert, H. Becher, B. Luderitz, and H. Omran Prevalence of left atrial chamber and appendage thrombi in patients with atrial flutter and its clinical significance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 778 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Klein, R. D. Murray, and R. A. Grimm Role of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2001; 37(3): 691 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Hart and J. L. Halperin Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke : Concepts and Controversies Stroke, March 1, 2001; 32(3): 803 - 808. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Go, E. M. Hylek, K. A. Phillips, L. H. Borowsky, L. E. Henault, Y. Chang, J. V. Selby, and D. E. Singer Implications of Stroke Risk Criteria on the Anticoagulation Decision in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : The Anticoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study Circulation, July 4, 2000; 102(1): 11 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | SUBSCRIPTIONS | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | CARDIOSOURCE | SEARCH | HELP | FEEDBACK |
