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CLINICAL STUDIES

Desensitization of the pulmonary adenylyl cyclase system

A cause of airway hyperresponsiveness in congestive heart failure?¹

^a Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pulmonary Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

Manuscript received April 27, 1998; revised manuscript received March 16, 1999, accepted May 10, 1999.

Reprint requests and correspondence: Dr. Mathias M. Borst, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Bergheimer Str. 58, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
mathias_borst{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de

OBJECTIVES

This study was designed to investigate whether the adrenergic signal transduction in the lung and the responsiveness of airway smooth muscle to adrenergic stimulation are modulated in congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND

Wheezing and airway hyperresponsiveness are often present in heart failure. In the failing heart, chronic adrenergic stimulation down-regulates beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylyl cyclase. We hypothesized that airway dysfunction in heart failure could be due to a similar modulation of pulmonary adrenergic signal transduction.

METHODS

Heart failure was induced in rats by aortic banding, resulting in increases in plasma norepinephrine, lung wet weight indicating congestion and left ventricular end diastolic pressure after four weeks. Beta-receptor densities in pulmonary plasma membranes were measured by radioligand binding using [¹²⁵I]iodocyanopindolol. The G protein levels were determined by Western blot. Adenylyl cyclase activities in lung membranes were quantified as [³²P]cAMP (cyclic adenosine-5'-monophosphate) synthesis rate. To functionally assess airway smooth muscle relaxation, carbachol-precontracted isolated tracheal strips were used.

RESULTS

Beta-receptor density was significantly decreased in heart failure from 771 ± 89 to 539 ± 44 fmol/mg protein without changes in receptor affinities. The beta₁-/beta₂-subtype ratio, however, remained constant. The G_i and G_s protein expression was unchanged. Adenylyl cyclase activity stimulated directly with forskolin was decreased by 28%. Relaxation of tracheal strips in response to isoproterenol and forskolin, but not to papaverin, was diminished by 30%.

CONCLUSIONS

In heart failure, the down-regulation of pulmonary beta-receptors and concomitant decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity result in a significant attenuation of cAMP-mediated airway relaxation. These mechanisms may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of "cardiac asthma."

Abbreviations and Acronyms   AC = adenylyl cyclase   ANOVA = analysis of variance   Bmax = beta-receptor density as maximal specific binding sites   cAMP = cyclic adenosine-5'-monophosphate   CHF = congestive heart failure   DTT = dithiothreitol   KD = beta-receptor dissociation constant   LVEDP = left ventricular end diastolic pressure

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