Stress-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: a potential cause of dyspnea in the elderly

Cardiac Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom. m.henein@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify the pattern of disturbed left ventricular physiology associated with symptom development in elderly patients with effort-induced breathlessness. BACKGROUND: Limitation of exercise tolerance by dyspnea is common in the elderly and has been ascribed to diastolic dysfunction when left ventricular cavity size and systolic function appear normal. METHODS: Dobutamine stress echocardiography was used in 30 patients (mean [+/-SD] age 70 +/- 12 years; 21 women, 9 men) with exertional dyspnea and negative exercise test results, and the values were compared with those in 15 control subjects. RESULTS: Before stress, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions were reduced, fractional shortening was increased, and the basal septum was thickened (2.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.2 cm, p < 0.001, vs. control subjects) in the patients, but posterior wall thickness did not differ from that in control subjects. Left ventricular outflow tract diameter, measured as systolic mitral leaflet septal distance, was significantly reduced (13 +/- 4.5 vs. 18 +/- 2 mm, p < 0.001). Isovolumetric relaxation time was prolonged, and peak left ventricular minor axis lengthening rate was reduced (8.1 +/- 3.5 vs. 10.4 +/- 2.6 cm/s, p < 0.05), suggesting diastolic dysfunction. Transmitral velocities and the E/A ratio did not differ significantly. At peak stress, heart rate increased from 66 +/- 8 to 115 +/- 20 beats/min in the control subjects, but blood pressure did not change. Transmitral A wave velocity increased, but the E/A ratio did not change. Left ventricular outflow tract velocity increased from 0.8 +/- 0.1 to 2.0 +/- 0.2 m/s, and mitral leaflet septal distance decreased from 18 +/- 2 to 14 +/- 3 mm, p < 0.001. In the patients, heart rate rose from 80 +/- 12 to 132 +/- 26 beats/min and systolic blood pressure from 143 +/- 22 to 170 +/- 14 mm Hg (p < 0.001 for each), but left ventricular dimensions did not change. Peak left ventricular outflow tract velocity increased from 1.5 +/- 0.5 m/s (at rest) to 4.2 +/- 1.2 m/s; mitral leaflet septal distance fell from 13 +/- 4.5 to 2.2 +/- 1.9 mm (p < 0.001); and systolic anterior motion of mitral valve appeared in 24 patients (80%) but in none of the control subjects (p < 0.001). Measurements of diastolic function did not change. All patients developed dyspnea at peak stress, but none developed a new wall motion abnormality or mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Although our patients fulfilled the criteria for "diastolic heart failure," diastolic dysfunction was not aggravated by pharmacologic stress. Instead, high velocities appeared in the left ventricular outflow tract and were associated with basal septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Their appearance correlated closely with the development of symptoms, suggesting a potential causative link.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. Zywica, R. Jenni, P.A. Pellikka, A. Faeh-Gunz, B. Seifert, and C.H. Attenhofer Jost Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction evoked by exercise echocardiography: prevalence and predictive factors in a prospective study Eur J Echocardiogr, September 1, 2008; 9(5): 665 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Yalcin, H. Muderrisoglu, M. E. Korkmaz, B. Ozin, M. Baltali, and F. Yigit The Effect of Dobutamine Stress on Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradients in Hypertensive Patients with Basal Septal Hypertrophy Angiology, May 1, 2004; 55(3): 295 - 301. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Okeie, M. Shimizu, H. Yoshio, H. Ino, M. Yamaguchi, T. Matsuyama, T. Yasuda, J. Taki, and H. Mabuchi Left ventricular systolic dysfunction during exercise and dobutamine stress in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 856 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Luria, M.W. Klutstein, D. Rosenmann, J. Shaheen, S. Sergey, and D. Tzivoni Prevalence and significance of left ventricular outflow gradient during dobutamine echocardiography Eur. Heart J., March 1, 1999; 20(5): 386 - 392. [Abstract] [PDF]