The restenosis paradigm revisited: an alternative proposal for cellular mechanisms

Coronary restenosis is a reparative response to arterial injury during angioplasty, and remains a major clinical problem. The reasons for treatment failures likely stem from our incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms in restenotic neointimal formation. Restenosis is thought to result from migration and replication of medial smooth muscle cells to form an obstructive neointima, a concept neither observed nor demonstrated in humans. An alternative hypothesis for restenosis is based on observations in the porcine coronary injury model. In this model, there are three cellular stages in neointimal formation: thrombotic (stage I), cellular recruitment (stage II) and proliferative (stage III). The thrombotic stage occurs early and consists of platelets, fibrin and red blood cells accumulating at the vessel injury site. In the recruitment stage, the mural thrombus itself develops an endothelium, followed by a mononuclear leukocytic infiltrate beginning on the lumen side of the vessel. In the proliferative stage, a "cap" of actin-positive cells forms on the lumen surface and progressively thickens. These cells do not arise from media at the injury site. Extracellular matrix secretion and additional recruitment likely add to neointimal volume during this phase. Thrombus assumes a major role in restonosis by providing an absorbable matrix into which smooth muscle cells proliferate. Further studies are needed to validate or modify this hypothesis.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Bass, L. Wagstaff, L. Ravenhill, and V. Ellis Binding of Extracellular Maspin to {beta}1 Integrins Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration J. Biol. Chem., October 2, 2009; 284(40): 27712 - 27720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Wilson and J. T. Willerson Myocardial Revascularization with Percutaneous Devices Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 573 - 598. [Full Text]

				S W Park, S H Lee, C H Kim, G S Jeon, S J Hong, J G Yi, and H J Jeon Inhibition of pseudointimal hyperplasia in swine TIPS models: the efficacy of local delivery of paclitaxel using a perforated balloon catheter Br. J. Radiol., September 1, 2007; 80(957): 702 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kusaba, H. Kai, M. Koga, N. Takayama, A. Ikeda, H. Yasukawa, Y. Seki, K. Egashira, and T. Imaizumi Inhibition of Intrinsic Interferon-{gamma} Function Prevents Neointima Formation After Balloon Injury Hypertension, April 1, 2007; 49(4): 909 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Yang, J. Ge, H. Liu, K. Zhao, X. Liu, X. Qu, W. Li, Y. Huang, A. Sun, and Y. Zou Arsenic trioxide eluting stent reduces neointima formation in a rabbit iliac artery injury model Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2006; 72(3): 483 - 493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. S. M. Boesten, A. S. M. Zadelaar, A. van Nieuwkoop, L. Hu, J. Jonkers, B. van de Water, M. J. J. Gijbels, I. van der Made, M. P. J. de Winther, L. M. Havekes, et al. Macrophage retinoblastoma deficiency leads to enhanced atherosclerosis development in ApoE-deficient mice FASEB J, May 1, 2006; 20(7): 953 - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Touchard and R. S. Schwartz Preclinical Restenosis Models: Challenges and Successes Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2006; 34(1): 11 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Yang, D. P. Thomas, X. Zhang, B. W. Culver, B. M. Alexander, W. J. Murdoch, M. N.A. Rao, D. A. Tulis, J. Ren, and N. Sreejayan Curcumin Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function and Injury-Induced Neointima Formation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2006; 26(1): 85 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rahmani, J. T. Read, J. M. Carthy, P. C. McDonald, B. W. Wong, M. Esfandiarei, X. Si, Z. Luo, H. Luo, P. S. Rennie, et al. Regulation of the Versican Promoter by the {beta}-Catenin-T-cell Factor Complex in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 1, 2005; 280(13): 13019 - 13028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Chandiwal, V. Balasubramanian, Z. K. Baldwin, M. S. Conte, and L. B. Schwartz Gene Therapy for the Extension of Vein Graft Patency: A Review Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, January 1, 2005; 39(1): 1 - 14. [Abstract] [PDF]

				REFERENCES J. ICRU, December 1, 2004; 4(2): 165 - 175. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Toutouzas, A. Colombo, and C. Stefanadis Inflammation and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2004; 25(19): 1679 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Farb, F. D. Kolodgie, J.-Y. Hwang, A. P. Burke, K. Tefera, D. K. Weber, T. N. Wight, and R. Virmani Extracellular Matrix Changes in Stented Human Coronary Arteries Circulation, August 24, 2004; 110(8): 940 - 947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Kingston, S. Sinha, C. E. Appleby, A. David, T. Verakis, M. G. Castro, P. R. Lowenstein, and A. M. Heagerty Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}3, but Not Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1, Inhibits Constrictive Remodeling and Reduces Luminal Loss After Coronary Angioplasty Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2819 - 2825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Izumi, S. Kim, M. Yoshiyama, Y. Izumiya, K. Yoshida, A. Matsuzawa, H. Koyama, Y. Nishizawa, H. Ichijo, J. Yoshikawa, et al. Activation of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 in Injured Artery and Its Critical Role in Neointimal Hyperplasia Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2812 - 2818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Nili, A. N. Cheema, F. J. Giordano, A. W. Barolet, S. Babaei, R. Hickey, M. R. Eskandarian, M. Smeets, J. Butany, G. Pasterkamp, et al. Decorin Inhibition of PDGF-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function: Potential Mechanism for Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia after Balloon Angioplasty Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2003; 163(3): 869 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Teshima, N. Hayashida, H. Yano, M. Nishimi, E. Tayama, S. Fukunaga, H. Akashi, T. Kawara, and S. Aoyagi Obstruction of St Jude medical valves in the aortic position: histology and immunohistochemistry of pannus J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2003; 126(2): 401 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Yamashita, Y. Asada, H. Sugimura, H. Yamamoto, K. Marutsuka, K. Hatakeyama, S. Tamura, Y. Ikeda, and A. Sumiyoshi Contribution of von Willebrand Factor to Thrombus Formation on Neointima of Rabbit Stenotic Iliac Artery Under High Blood-Flow Velocity Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2003; 23(6): 1105 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Mandinov, A. Mandinova, S. Kyurkchiev, D. Kyurkchiev, I. Kehayov, V. Kolev, R. Soldi, C. Bagala, E. D. de Muinck, V. Lindner, et al. Copper chelation represses the vascular response to injury PNAS, May 27, 2003; 100(11): 6700 - 6705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R Bennett IN-STENT STENOSIS: PATHOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG ELUTING STENTS Heart, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 218 - 224. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.H. Gomma, M.A. Elrayess, C.J. Knight, E. Hawe, K.M. Fox, and S.E. Humphries The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Glu298Asp and -786T>C) gene polymorphisms are associated with coronary in-stent restenosis Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2002; 23(24): 1955 - 1962. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Liu, M. Fisher, and P. Groves Down-regulation of the ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases using antisense oligonucleotides inhibits intimal hyperplasia in a porcine model of coronary balloon angioplasty Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 640 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Raymond, E. Sauvageau, I. Salazkin, E. Ribourtout, G. Gevry, and A.-C. Desfaits Role of the Endothelial Lining in Persistence of Residual Lesions and Growth of Recurrences After Endovascular Treatment of Experimental Aneurysms Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 850 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Raymond, P. Leblanc, A.-C. Desfaits, I. Salazkin, F. Morel, C. Janicki, and S. Roorda In Situ Beta Radiation to Prevent Recanalization After Coil Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysms Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 421 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Raymond, F. Berthelet, A.-C. Desfaits, I. Salazkin, and D. Roy Cyanoacrylate Embolization of Experimental Aneurysms AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2002; 23(1): 129 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kanamasa, Y. Inoue, N. Otani, N. Naito, H. Morii, A. Ikeda, M. Taniguchi, N. Ishida, T. Hayashi, and K. Ishikawa tPA via Infusion Catheters Followed by Continuous IV Infusion for 3 Days Prevents Intimal Hyperplasia After Balloon Injury Angiology, December 1, 2001; 52(12): 819 - 825. [Abstract] [PDF]

				P. A. Kingston, S. Sinha, A. David, M. G. Castro, P. R. Lowenstein, and A. M. Heagerty Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of a Secreted Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Type II Receptor Inhibits Luminal Loss and Constrictive Remodeling After Coronary Angioplasty and Enhances Adventitial Collagen Deposition Circulation, November 20, 2001; 104(21): 2595 - 2601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Kellar, L. K. Landeen, B. R. Shepherd, G. K. Naughton, A. Ratcliffe, and S. K. Williams Scaffold-Based Three-Dimensional Human Fibroblast Culture Provides a Structural Matrix That Supports Angiogenesis in Infarcted Heart Tissue Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2063 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.G. Zouridakis, R. Schwartzman, X. Garcia-Moll, I.D. Cox, S. Fredericks, D.W. Holt, and J.C. Kaski Increased plasma endothelin levels in angina patients with rapid coronary artery disease progression Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2001; 22(17): 1578 - 1584. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. M. t. Berg, B. A. Hutten, J. C. Kelder, F. W. A. Verheugt, and H. W. T. Plokker Oral Anticoagulant Therapy During and After Coronary Angioplasty : The Intensity and Duration of Anticoagulation Are Essential to Reduce Thrombotic Complications Circulation, April 24, 2001; 103(16): 2042 - 2047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bayes-Genis, R. S. Schwartz, D. A. Lewis, M. T. Overgaard, M. Christiansen, C. Oxvig, K. Ashai, D. R. Holmes Jr, and C. A. Conover Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Protease Produced by Smooth Muscle Cells Increases in the Coronary Artery After Angioplasty Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2001; 21(3): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Napoli, G. Cirino, P. Del Soldato, R. Sorrentino, V. Sica, M. Condorelli, A. Pinto, and L. J. Ignarro Effects of nitric oxide-releasing aspirin versus aspirin on restenosis in hypercholesterolemic mice PNAS, February 27, 2001; 98(5): 2860 - 2864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Popma, E. M. Ohman, J. Weitz, A. M. Lincoff, R. A. Harrington, and P. Berger Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Chest, January 1, 2001; 119 (2009): 321S - 336S. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Sasaki, Y. Tanahashi, Y. Yamasaki, N. Oda, Y. Nozawa, H. Terakawa, K. Miyoshi, Y. Muranaka, H. Miyake, and N. Matsuura Inhibitory Effect of TAS-301, a New Synthesized Constrictive Remodeling Regulator, on Renarrowing after Balloon Overstretch Injury of Porcine Coronary Artery J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2000; 295(3): 1043 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. L. Meyerson, C. L. Skelly, M. A. Curi, and L. B. Schwartz Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, November 1, 2000; 4(4): 289 - 300. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. T. N. Tai, E. E. Brooks, S. Liang, R. Somogyi, J. D. Rosete, R. M. Lawn, and D. Shiffman Determination of Temporal Expression Patterns for Multiple Genes in the Rat Carotid Artery Injury Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2184 - 2191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Noiseux, C. H. Boucher, R. Cartier, and M. G. Sirois Bolus Endovascular PDGFR-{beta} Antisense Treatment Suppressed Intimal Hyperplasia in a Rat Carotid Injury Model Circulation, September 12, 2000; 102(11): 1330 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Jianhua Zhu and Danchen Gao Losartan reduces collagen content and intimal thickening of iliac arteries after balloon injury in rabbits Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2000; 1(3): 278 - 282. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. M. t. Berg, J. C. Kelder, M. J. Suttorp, E. G. Mast, E. Bal, S. M. P. G. Ernst, F. W. A. Verheugt, and H. W. T. Plokker Effect of Coumarins Started Before Coronary Angioplasty on Acute Complications and Long-Term Follow-Up : A Randomized Trial Circulation, July 25, 2000; 102(4): 386 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. V. Autieri, C. Carbone, and A. Mu Expression of Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 Is a Marker of Activated Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2000; 20(7): 1737 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ehsan and M. J Mann Antisense and gene therapy to prevent restenosis Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2000; 5(2): 103 - 114. [Abstract] [PDF]

				I. Ogawa, T. Hayashi, T. Nakabayashi, N. Otani, K. Ishikawa, and K. Kanamasa Prevention of Coronary Arterial Renarrowing by Continuous 3-Day Infusion of Tissue Plasminogen Activator After Successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Angiology, May 1, 2000; 51(5): 367 - 375. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F.-J. Neumann, A. Kastrati, C. Schmitt, R. Blasini, M. Hadamitzky, J. Mehilli, M. Gawaz, M. Schleef, M. Seyfarth, J. Dirschinger, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 2000; 35(4): 915 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Feldman, L. Aguirre, M. Ziol, J.-P. Bridou, N. Nevo, J.-B. Michel, and P. G. Steg Interleukin-10 Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia After Angioplasty or Stent Implantation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Circulation, February 29, 2000; 101(8): 908 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Garasic, E. R. Edelman, J. C. Squire, P. Seifert, M. S. Williams, and C. Rogers Stent and Artery Geometry Determine Intimal Thickening Independent of Arterial Injury Circulation, February 22, 2000; 101(7): 812 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A.-C. Desfaits, J. Raymond, and J. P. Muizelaar Growth Factors Stimulate Neointimal Cells In Vitro and Increase the Thickness of the Neointima Formed at the Neck of Porcine Aneurysms Treated by Embolization • Editorial Comment Stroke, February 1, 2000; 31(2): 498 - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hehrlein, S. Kaiser, R. Riessen, J.u. Metz, P. Fritz, and W. Kubler External beam radiation after stent implantation increases neointimal hyperplasia by augmenting smooth muscle cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 1999; 34(2): 561 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Cirillo, P. Golino, M. Ragni, C. Battaglia, F. Pacifico, S. Formisano, C. Buono, M. Condorelli, and M. Chiariello Activated platelets and leucocytes cooperatively stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and proto-oncogene expression via release of soluble growth factors Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1999; 43(1): 210 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rogers, D. Y. Tseng, J. C. Squire, and E. R. Edelman Balloon-Artery Interactions During Stent Placement : A Finite Element Analysis Approach to Pressure, Compliance, and Stent Design as Contributors to Vascular Injury Circ. Res., March 5, 1999; 84(4): 378 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. J. Kullo, R. D. Simari, and R. S. Schwartz Vascular Gene Transfer : From Bench to Bedside Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1999; 19(2): 196 - 207. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Todaka, C. Yokoyama, H. Yanamoto, N. Hashimoto, I. Nagata, T. Tsukahara, S. Hara, T. Hatae, R. Morishita, M. Aoki, et al. Gene Transfer of Human Prostacyclin Synthase Prevents Neointimal Formation After Carotid Balloon Injury in Rats • Editorial Comment Stroke, February 1, 1999; 30(2): 419 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Labinaz, K. Pels, C. Hoffert, S. Aggarwal, and E. R O'Brien Time course and importance of neoadventitial formation in arterial remodeling following balloon angioplasty of porcine coronary arteries Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1999; 41(1): 255 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Erbel, M. Haude, H. W. Hopp, D. Franzen, H. J. Rupprecht, B. Heublein, K. Fischer, P. de Jaegere, P. Serruys, W. Rutsch, et al. Coronary-Artery Stenting Compared with Balloon Angioplasty for Restenosis after Initial Balloon Angioplasty N. Engl. J. Med., December 3, 1998; 339(23): 1672 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. M. Kwon, G. Sangiorgi, E. L. Ritman, A. Lerman, C. McKenna, R. Virmani, W. D. Edwards, D. R. Holmes, and R. S. Schwartz Adventitial vasa vasorum in balloon-injured coronary arteries: Visualization and quantitation by a microscopic three-dimensional computed tomography technique J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1998; 32(7): 2072 - 2079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Watson, F. Parhami, V. Shin, and L. L. Demer Fibronectin and Collagen I Matrixes Promote Calcification of Vascular Cells in Vitro, Whereas Collagen IV Matrix Is Inhibitory Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1964 - 1971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Nishimoto, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Toki, R. Murakami, M. Shinoda, A. Fukushima, and H. Kanayama Enhanced secretion of insulin plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis of coronary arteries: elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with effort angina J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 1998; 32(6): 1624 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kirchengast and K. Munter Endothelin and restenosis Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1998; 39(3): 550 - 555. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Janiszewski, C. A Pasqualucci, L. C Souza, F. Pileggi, P. L da Luz, and F. R M. Laurindo Oxidized thiols markedly amplify the vascular response to balloon injury in rabbits through a redox active metal-dependent pathway Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 1998; 39(2): 327 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J M Mann, J C Kaski, W I Pereira, S Arie, J A Ramires, and F Pileggi Histological patterns of atherosclerotic plaques in unstable angina patients vary according to clinical presentation Heart, July 1, 1998; 80(1): 19 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. J. McKenna, S. E. Burke, T. J. Opgenorth, R. J. Padley, L. J. Camrud, A. R. Camrud, J. Johnson, P. J. Carlson, A. Lerman, D. R. Holmes Jr, et al. Selective ETA Receptor Antagonism Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia in a Porcine Coronary Stent Model Circulation, June 30, 1998; 97(25): 2551 - 2556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				International, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Lamifiban (a Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor), Heparin, or Both in Unstable Angina Circulation, June 23, 1998; 97(24): 2386 - 2395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Koyama and M. A. Reidy Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins Accompanies Lesion Growth in a Model of Intimal Reinjury Circ. Res., May 19, 1998; 82(9): 988 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. G. L. de Smet, G. Pasterkamp, Y. J. van der Helm, C. Borst, and M. J. Post The Relation Between De Novo Atherosclerosis Remodeling and Angioplasty-Induced Remodeling in an Atherosclerotic Yucatan Micropig Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 1998; 18(5): 702 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Van Belle, C. Bauters, T. Asahara, and J. M. Isner Endothelial regrowth after arterial injury: from vascular repair to therapeutics Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 1998; 38(1): 54 - 68. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. O. Mercurius and A. O. Morla Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth by Inhibition of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly Circ. Res., March 23, 1998; 82(5): 548 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sata, H. Perlman, D. A. Muruve, M. Silver, M. Ikebe, T. A. Libermann, P. Oettgen, and K. Walsh Fas ligand gene transfer to the vessel wall inhibits neointima formation and overrides the adenovirus-mediated T cell response PNAS, February 3, 1998; 95(3): 1213 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Hoshiya and M. Awazu Trapidil Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor–Stimulated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Hypertension, February 1, 1998; 31(2): 665 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. M. Jenkins, M. T. Crow, C. Bilato, Y. Gluzband, W.-S. Ryu, Z. Li, W. Stetler-Stevenson, C. Nater, J. P. Froehlich, E. G. Lakatta, et al. Increased Expression of Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinase and Preferential Localization of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 to the Neointima of Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries Circulation, January 13, 1998; 97(1): 82 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Panek, G. H. Lu, S. R. Klutchko, B. L. Batley, T. K. Dahring, J. M. Hamby, H. Hallak, A. M. Doherty, and J. A. Keiser In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of PD 166285, a New Nanomolar Potent and Broadly Active Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 1997; 283(3): 1433 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S.S. Srivatsa, L. A Fitzpatrick, P. W Tsao, T. M Reilly, D. R Holmes Jr, R. S Schwartz, and S. A Mousa Selective {alpha}v{beta}3 integrin blockade potently limits neointimal hyperplasia and lumen stenosis following deep coronary arterial stent injury:: Evidence for the functional importance of integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 and osteopontin expression during neointima formation Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 1997; 36(3): 408 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kollum, S. Kaiser, R. Kinscherf, J. Metz, W. Kubler, and C. Hehrlein Apoptosis After Stent Implantation Compared With Balloon Angioplasty in Rabbits : Role of Macrophages Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1997; 17(11): 2383 - 2388. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				I. J. Kullo, R. S. Schwartz, V. J. Pompili, M. Tsutsui, S. Milstien, L. A. Fitzpatrick, Z. S. Katusic, and T. O'Brien Expression and Function of Recombinant Endothelial NO Synthase in Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1997; 17(11): 2405 - 2412. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Waksman, J. C. Rodriguez, K. A. Robinson, G. D. Cipolla, I. R. Crocker, N. A. Scott, S. B. King III, and J. N. Wilcox Effect of Intravascular Irradiation on Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Vascular Remodeling After Balloon Overstretch Injury of Porcine Coronary Arteries Circulation, September 16, 1997; 96(6): 1944 - 1952. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Kimura, S. Kaburagi, T. Tamura, H. Yokoi, Y. Nakagawa, H. Yokoi, N. Hamasaki, H. Nosaka, M. Nobuyoshi, G. S. Mintz, et al. Remodeling of Human Coronary Arteries Undergoing Coronary Angioplasty or Atherectomy Circulation, July 15, 1997; 96(2): 475 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. I. Axel, W. Kunert, C. Goggelmann, M. Oberhoff, C. Herdeg, A. Kuttner, D. H. Wild, B. R. Brehm, R. Riessen, G. Koveker, et al. Paclitaxel Inhibits Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration In Vitro and In Vivo Using Local Drug Delivery Circulation, July 15, 1997; 96(2): 636 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. K. Dahring, G. H. Lu, J. M. Hamby, B. L. Batley, A. J. Kraker, and R. L. Panek J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 1997; 281(3): 1446 - 1456. [Abstract]

				H. De Leon, N. A. Scott, F. Martin, L. Simonet, K. E. Bernstein, and J. N. Wilcox Expression of Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain-B Isoform in the Vessel Wall of Porcine Coronary Arteries After Balloon Angioplasty Circ. Res., April 19, 1997; 80(4): 514 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Gunn, C. M. Holt, S. E. Francis, L. Shepherd, M. Grohmann, C. M. H. Newman, D. C. Crossman, and D. C. Cumberland The Effect of Oligonucleotides to c-myb on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Formation After Porcine Coronary Angioplasty Circ. Res., April 19, 1997; 80(4): 520 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Kearney, A. Pieczek, L. Haley, D. W. Losordo, V. Andres, R. Schainfeld, K. Rosenfield, and J. M. Isner Histopathology of In-Stent Restenosis in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease Circulation, April 15, 1997; 95(8): 1998 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. M. Bosmans, M. M. Kockx, C. J. Vrints, H. Bult, G. R. Y. De Meyer, and A. G. Herman Fibrin(ogen) and von Willebrand Factor Deposition Are Associated With Intimal Thickening After Balloon Angioplasty of the Rabbit Carotid Artery Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1997; 17(4): 634 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. I. Simon, H. Xu, S. Ortlepp, C. Rogers, and N. K. Rao 7E3 Monoclonal Antibody Directed Against the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Cross-reacts With the Leukocyte Integrin Mac-1 and Blocks Adhesion to Fibrinogen and ICAM-1 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 1997; 17(3): 528 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Lucas, L.-y. Liu, J. Macen, P. Nash, E. Dai, M. Stewart, K. Graham, W. Etches, L. Boshkov, P. N. Nation, et al. Virus-Encoded Serine Proteinase Inhibitor SERP-1 Inhibits Atherosclerotic Plaque Development After Balloon Angioplasty Circulation, December 1, 1996; 94(11): 2890 - 2900. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. L. West and J. A. Hubbell Separation of the arterial wall from blood contact using hydrogel barriers reduces intimal thickening after balloon injury in the rat: The roles of medial and luminal factors in arterial healing PNAS, November 12, 1996; 93(23): 13188 - 13193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rogers, F. G.P. Welt, M. J. Karnovsky, and E. R. Edelman Monocyte Recruitment and Neointimal Hyperplasia in Rabbits: Coupled Inhibitory Effects of Heparin Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 1996; 16(10): 1312 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Sheth, F. Litvack, V. Dev, M. C. Fishbein, J. S. Forrester, and N. Eigler Subacute Thrombosis and Vascular Injury Resulting From Slotted-Tube Nitinol and Stainless Steel Stents in a Rabbit Carotid Artery Model Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1733 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. R. Edelman and C. Rogers Hoop Dreams: Stents Without Restenosis Circulation, September 15, 1996; 94(6): 1199 - 1202. [Full Text]

				B. H. Strauss, R. Robinson, W. B. Batchelor, R. J. Chisholm, G. Ravi, M. K. Natarajan, R. A. Logan, S. R. Mehta, D. E. Levy, A. M. Ezrin, et al. In Vivo Collagen Turnover Following Experimental Balloon Angioplasty Injury and the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases Circ. Res., September 1, 1996; 79(3): 541 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. S. Mintz, J. J. Popma, A. D. Pichard, K. M. Kent, L. F. Satler, S. Chiu Wong, M. K. Hong, J. A. Kovach, and M. B. Leon Arterial Remodeling After Coronary Angioplasty : A Serial Intravascular Ultrasound Study Circulation, July 1, 1996; 94(1): 35 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. L. Barry, L. W. Gimple, J. E. Humphries, E. R. Powers, K. W. McCoy, J. M. Sanders, G. K. Owens, and I. J. Sarembock Arterial Thrombin Activity After Angioplasty in an Atherosclerotic Rabbit Model : Time Course and Effect of Hirudin Circulation, July 1, 1996; 94(1): 88 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. A. Scott, G. D. Cipolla, C. E. Ross, B. Dunn, F. H. Martin, L. Simonet, and J. N. Wilcox Identification of a Potential Role for the Adventitia in Vascular Lesion Formation After Balloon Overstretch Injury of Porcine Coronary Arteries Circulation, June 15, 1996; 93(12): 2178 - 2187. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. S. Schwartz, D. J. Holder, D. R. Holmes Jr, J. P. Veinot, A. R. Camrud, M. A. Jorgenson, and R. G. Johnson Jr Neointimal Thickening After Severe Coronary Artery Injury Is Limited by Short-term Administration of a Factor Xa Inhibitor : Results in a Porcine Model Circulation, April 15, 1996; 93(8): 1542 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. R. Makkar, N. Eigler, F. Litvack, and J. S. Forrester Prevention of Restenosis by Local Drug Delivery Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 1, 1996; 1(2): 177 - 188. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Riessen, T. N. Wight, C. Pastore, C. Henley, and J. M. Isner Distribution of Hyaluronan During Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Human Restenotic Arteries and Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries Circulation, March 15, 1996; 93(6): 1141 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Ragosta, W. L. Barry, L. W. Gimple, S. D. Gertz, K. W. McCoy, G. A. Stouffer, C. A. McNamara, E. R. Powers, G. K. Owens, and I. J. Sarembock Effect of Thrombin Inhibition With Desulfatohirudin on Early Kinetics of Cellular Proliferation After Balloon Angioplasty in Atherosclerotic Rabbits Circulation, March 15, 1996; 93(6): 1194 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. G. Violaris, R. Melkert, J.-P. R. Herrman, and P. W. Serruys Role of Angiographically Identifiable Thrombus on Long-term Luminal Renarrowing After Coronary Angioplasty : A Quantitative Angiographic Analysis Circulation, March 1, 1996; 93(5): 889 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. Bauters, J.-M. Lablanche, E. P. McFadden, M. Hamon, and M. E. Bertrand Relation of Coronary Angioscopic Findings at Coronary Angioplasty to Angiographic Restenosis Circulation, November 1, 1995; 92(9): 2473 - 2479. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. R. Bennett and S. M. Schwartz Antisense Therapy for Angioplasty Restenosis : Some Critical Considerations Circulation, October 1, 1995; 92(7): 1981 - 1993. [Full Text]

				D. Recchia, D. R. Abendschein, J. E. Saffitz, and S. A. Wickline The Biologic Behavior of Balloon Hyperinflation–Induced Arterial Lesions in Hypercholesterolemic Pigs Depends on the Presence of Foam Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1995; 15(7): 924 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Solway, J. Seltzer, F. F. Samaha, S. Kim, L. E. Alger, Q. Niu, E. E. Morrisey, H. S. Ip, and M. S. Parmacek Structure and Expression of a Smooth Muscle Cell-specific Gene, SM22[IMAGE] J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 1995; 270(22): 13460 - 13469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Lafont, L. A. Guzman, P. L. Whitlow, M. Goormastic, J. F. Cornhill, and G. M. Chisolm Restenosis After Experimental Angioplasty : Intimal, Medial, and Adventitial Changes Associated With Constrictive Remodeling Circ. Res., June 1, 1995; 76(6): 996 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text]