Echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass index in normal children, adolescents and young adults

Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.

Left ventricular hypertrophy is an important diagnostic and prognostic finding in children with cardiovascular disease, but there are currently no well established criteria for its determination by M-mode echocardiography. Three hundred thirty-four subjects, aged 6 to 23 years, who were free of cardiovascular disease were studied. Left ventricular mass was calculated using echocardiographic measurements in a regression equation for left ventricular mass. Intraobserver (r = 0.96, p less than 0.01) and interobserver (r = 0.89, p less than 0.01) variability were low. To anatomically validate the echographic formula for left ventricular mass, left ventricular measurements made at autopsy were inserted into the formula. Mass was then calculated and compared with the actual mass. There was a strong correlation between the calculated and the measured left ventricular mass (r = 0.89, p less than 0.01). Left ventricular mass was not statistically related to race, but it was strongly associated with gender (p less than 0.001). It was strongly correlated with height (r = 0.82 for males, r = 0.71 for females) and body surface area (r = 0.83 for males, r = 0.74 for females). Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents, based on the 95th percentile, for left ventricular mass, left ventricular mass corrected for body surface area and left ventricular mass corrected for height are, respectively: 184.9 g, 103.0 g/m2 and 99.8 g/m for males and 130.2 g, 84.2 g/m2 and 81.0 g/m for females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. J. Foster, A. S. Mackie, M. Mitsnefes, H. Ali, S. Mamber, and S. D. Colan A Novel Method of Expressing Left Ventricular Mass Relative to Body Size in Children Circulation, May 27, 2008; 117(21): 2769 - 2775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Chinali, G. de Simone, M. C. Matteucci, S. Picca, A. Mastrostefano, A. Anarat, S. Caliskan, N. Jeck, T. J. Neuhaus, A. Peco-Antic, et al. Reduced Systolic Myocardial Function in Children with Chronic Renal Insufficiency J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2007; 18(2): 593 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Chinali, G. de Simone, M. J. Roman, E. T. Lee, L. G. Best, B. V. Howard, and R. B. Devereux Impact of Obesity on Cardiac Geometry and Function in a Population of Adolescents: The Strong Heart Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 6, 2006; 47(11): 2267 - 2273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Lang, M. Bierig, R. B. Devereux, F. A. Flachskampf, E. Foster, P. A. Pellikka, M. H. Picard, M. J. Roman, J. Seward, J. Shanewise, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification Eur J Echocardiogr, March 1, 2006; 7(2): 79 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Mauras, O. H. Pescovitz, V. Allada, M. Messig, M. P. Wajnrajch, B. Lippe, and on behalf of the Transition Study Group Limited Efficacy of Growth Hormone (GH) during Transition of GH-Deficient Patients from Adolescence to Adulthood: A Phase III Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Two-Year Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3946 - 3955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Eghbali, R. Deva, A. Alioua, T. Y. Minosyan, H. Ruan, Y. Wang, L. Toro, and E. Stefani Molecular and Functional Signature of Heart Hypertrophy During Pregnancy Circ. Res., June 10, 2005; 96(11): 1208 - 1216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Lurbe, I. Torro, V. Alvarez, T. Nawrot, R. Paya, J. Redon, and J. A. Staessen Prevalence, Persistence, and Clinical Significance of Masked Hypertension in Youth Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 493 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Friberg, A Allansdotter-Johnsson, A Ambring, R Ahl, H Arheden, J Framme, A Johansson, D Holmgren, H Wahlander, and S Marild Increased left ventricular mass in obese adolescents Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2004; 25(11): 987 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hanevold, J. Waller, S. Daniels, R. Portman, and J. Sorof The Effects of Obesity, Gender, and Ethnic Group on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Geometry in Hypertensive Children: A Collaborative Study of the International Pediatric Hypertension Association Pediatrics, February 1, 2004; 113(2): 328 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. de Simone, R. B. Devereux, S. G. Myerson, and D. J. Pennell What Is Bright Is Not Always Gold * Response: What Is Old Is Not Always Best Hypertension, June 1, 2003; e10(6): . [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Amin, T. R. Kimball, J. A. Bean, J. L. Jeffries, J. P. Willging, R. T. Cotton, S. A. Witt, B. J. Glascock, and S. R. Daniels Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Abnormal Ventricular Geometry in Children and Adolescents with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2002; 165(10): 1395 - 1399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. M. Mitchell, B. Gutin, G. Kapuku, P. Barbeau, M. C. Humphries, S. Owens, S. Vemulapalli, and J. Allison Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Obese Adolescents: Relations to Cardiovascular Fitness, Percent Body Fat, and Visceral Adiposity, and Effects of Physical Training Pediatrics, May 1, 2002; 109(5): e73 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Garner, E. Lecomte, S. Visvikis, E. Abergel, M. Lathrop, and F. Soubrier Genetic and Environmental Influences on Left Ventricular Mass : A Family Study Hypertension, November 1, 2000; 36(5): 740 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. F. Janz, J. D. Dawson, and L. T. Mahoney Predicting Heart Growth During Puberty: The Muscatine Study Pediatrics, May 1, 2000; 105(5): 63e - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. R. Daniels, J. A. Morrison, D. L. Sprecher, P. Khoury, and T. R. Kimball Association of Body Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents Circulation, February 2, 1999; 99(4): 541 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Banerjee, A. M. Mendelsohn, T. K. Knilans, R. A. Meyer, and D. C. Schwartz Effect of myocardial hypertrophy on systolic and diastolic function in children: insights from the force-frequency and relaxation-frequency relationships J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 1998; 32(4): 1088 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Schieken, P. F. Schwartz, and M. M. Goble Tracking of Left Ventricular Mass in Children: Race and Sex Comparisons : The MCV Twin Study Circulation, May 19, 1998; 97(19): 1901 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Daniels, J. M. H. Loggie, P. Khoury, and T. R. Kimball Left Ventricular Geometry and Severe Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children and Adolescents With Essential Hypertension Circulation, May 19, 1998; 97(19): 1907 - 1911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. R. Turley and J. H. Wilmore Cardiovascular responses to treadmill and cycle ergometer exercise in children and adults J Appl Physiol, September 1, 1997; 83(3): 948 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. de Simone, G. F. Mureddu, R. Greco, L. Scalfi, A. Esposito Del Puente, A. Franzese, F. Contaldo, and R. B. Devereux Relations of Left Ventricular Geometry and Function to Body Composition in Children With High Casual Blood Pressure Hypertension, September 1, 1997; 30(3): 377 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Nehgme, J. T. Fahey, C. Smith, and T. O. Carpenter Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1997; 82(8): 2450 - 2454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Gardin, A. Arnold, J. S. Gottdiener, N. D. Wong, L. P. Fried, H. S. Klopfenstein, D. H. O'Leary, R. Tracy, and R. Kronmal Left Ventricular Mass in the Elderly : The Cardiovascular Health Study Hypertension, May 1, 1997; 29(5): 1095 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. de Simone, R. B. Devereux, S. R. Daniels, G. Mureddu, M. J. Roman, T. R. Kimball, R. Greco, S. Witt, and F. Contaldo Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Normotensive Children and Adults : Assessment of Relations With Body Size and Impact of Overweight Circulation, April 1, 1997; 95(7): 1837 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Zureik, C. Bonithon-Kopp, E. Lecomte, G. Siest, and P. Ducimetiere Weights at Birth and in Early Infancy, Systolic Pressure, and Left Ventricular Structure in Subjects Aged 8 to 24 Years Hypertension, March 1, 1996; 27(3): 339 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. M. Schieken Large Hearts in Children : Biology or Disease? Circulation, December 1, 1995; 92(11): 3156 - 3157. [Full Text]

				S. R. Daniels, T. R. Kimball, J. A. Morrison, P. Khoury, S. Witt, and R. A. Meyer Effect of Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, Blood Pressure, and Sexual Maturation on Left Ventricular Mass in Children and Adolescents : Statistical, Biological, and Clinical Significance Circulation, December 1, 1995; 92(11): 3249 - 3254. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. A. M. van Son, V. M. Reddy, G. S. Haas, and F. L. Hanley MODIFIED SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR RELIEF OF AORTIC OBSTRUCTION IN {S,L,L} HEARTS WITH RUDIMENTARY RIGHT VENTRICLE AND RESTRICTIVE BULBOVENTRICULAR FORAMEN J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 1995; 110(4): 909 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Liao, R. S. Cooper, G. A. Mensah, and D. L. McGee Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Has a Greater Impact on Survival in Women Than in Men Circulation, August 15, 1995; 92(4): 805 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. M. Gardin, L. E. Wagenknecht, H. Anton-Culver, J. Flack, S. Gidding, T. Kurosaki, N. D. Wong, and T. A. Manolio Relationship of Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Mass in Healthy Young Black and White Adult Men and Women : The CARDIA Study Circulation, August 1, 1995; 92(3): 380 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. M. Urbina, S. S. Gidding, W. Bao, A. S. Pickoff, K. Berdusis, and G. S. Berenson Effect of Body Size, Ponderosity, and Blood Pressure on Left Ventricular Growth in Children and Young Adults in the Bogalusa Heart Study Circulation, May 1, 1995; 91(9): 2400 - 2406. [Abstract] [Full Text]